TNSCERT 12TH HISTORY YEARS COMPILATION PDF FREE DOWNLOAD

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1770 to 1900 – 25 million Indians died in famines.
1793 to 1900 – Estimated 5 million people died in all wars around the world.
1815 – Governor of Madras received a communication from the Governor of Ceylon asking for “coolies”.
1821 – Sambad Kaumudi in Bengali was published by Raja Rammohan Roy.
1822 – Mirat-Ul-Akbar in Persian was published by Raja Rammohan Roy.
1823 – General Committee of Public Instruction was formed.
1828 – Brahmo Samaj was founded by Ram Mohan Roy.
1833 – Outbreak of a famine that forced people to leave for Ceylon.
1834 to 1838 – T.B. Macaulay served as India’s first law member of the Governor General in Council.
1835 – English Education Act was passed by the Council of India.
1835 – T.B. Macaulay wrote his ‘Minute on Indian Education’.
1835 to 1872 – India exported an average of 13 million pounds worth of goods to Britain each year.
1837 – Number of immigrant Tamil labourers employed in Ceylon coffee estate was estimated at 10,000.
1843 – Outbreak of a second famine that forced people to leave for Ceylon.
1843 – Abolition of slavery in British India.
1843 – 30,218 male and 4,307 female indentured labourers entered Mauritius.
1846 – Tamil labour presence in Ceylon was estimated at 80,000.
1852 (26 February) – Formation of the Madras Native Association (MNA).
1852 (December) – MNA submitted a petition pointing out the distress of agricultural classes.
1853 (March) – MNA petition was discussed in the British Parliament.
1853 (October) – H.D. Seymour visited Madras, Guntur, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem, and Tirunelveli.
1853 – Charter Act was passed, allowing British East India Company to continue its rule in India.
1855 – Tamil labour presence in Ceylon was estimated at 128,000.
1856 to 1857 – Huge percentage of deaths recorded on an indentured labour ship bound for Trinidad from Kolkata.
1857 – Universities were established in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.
1857 – The great uprising / revolt took place.
1857 (June to September) – British siege of Delhi occurred.
1859 to 1860 – Indigo revolt took place in Bengal.
1864 – Sir John Lawrence became the future Viceroy of India.
1865 – India Society was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London.
1866 – Gajula Lakshminarasu died.[BUT CORRECT ANSWER 1868-SOURCE THE HINDU NEWSPAPER]
1866 – East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London.
1866 – Orissa Famine occurred (1.5 million starved, 200 million pounds of rice exported to Britain).
1867 – Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr Atmaram Pandurang.
1870 – Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code was enacted.
1870s – Dadabhai Naoroji was elected to the Bombay Municipal Corporation and Town Council.
1875 – Arya Samaj was founded.
1875 – Indian textile industry campaigned for the imposition of cotton import duties.
1875 to 1885 – Period witnessing many agitations against British policies in India.
1876 to 1878 – Severe famine occurred in the Madras Presidency.
1877 – Demands for the Indianisation of Government services were made vociferously.
1877 – Famine year wherein nearly 380,000 Tamil labourers were in Ceylon.
1878 – Vernacular Press Act was passed to censor the press.
1881 – Madras Native Association ceased to exist.
1883 – Agitation in favour of the Ilbert Bill took place.
1884 (May) – Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) was organised.
1884 (16 May) – Inaugural meeting of the Madras Mahajana Sabha was held.
1884 (December) – A.O. Hume presided over a meeting of the Theosophical Society in Madras.
1885 (28 December) – Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in Bombay.
1885 – INC Session at Bombay
1886 – INC Session at Calcutta
1887 – INC Session at Madras
1888 – INC Session at Allahabad
1889 – INC Session at Bombay
1890 – INC Session at Calcutta
1890s (late) – Growing differences arose within the Indian National Congress.
1891 – INC Session at Nagpur
1891 to 1900 – 19 million people died in India in famines alone.
1892 – INC Session at Allahabad
1892 – Dadabhai Naoroji was elected to the British Parliament.
1893 – INC Session at Lahore
1894 – INC Session at Madras
1895 – INC Session at Poona
1896 – INC Session at Calcutta
1897 – INC Session at Amravati
1897 (27 July) – Bal Gangadhar Tilak was arrested and charged under Section 124A.
1898 – INC Session at Madras
1899 – INC Session at Lucknow
1900 – INC Session at Lahore
1901 – INC Session at Calcutta
1901 – Dadabhai Naoroji published his book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’.
1902 – INC Session at Ahmedabad
1903 – INC Session at Madras
1904 – INC Session at Bombay
1905 – INC Session at Benares
1905 – Partition of Bengal and the launch of the Swadeshi movement.
1906 – INC Session at Calcutta
1907 – INC Session at Surat
1908 – INC Session at Madras
1909 – INC Session at Lahore
1910 – INC Session at Allahabad
1911 – INC Session at Calcutta
1912 – INC Session at Patna
1913 – INC Session at Karachi
1914 – INC Session at Madras
1915 – INC Session at Bombay
1915 – Return of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from South Africa.
1916 – INC Session at Lucknow
1917 – INC Session at Calcutta
1918 – INC Session at Delhi
1918 (Special) – INC Session at Bombay
1919 – INC Session at Amritsar
1919 – Indian nationalism entered a mass phase under Gandhi’s leadership.
1920 – INC Session at Nagpur
1920 (Special) – INC Session at Calcutta
1921 – INC Session at Ahmedabad
1922 – INC Session at Gaya
1923 – INC Session at Kakinada
1923 (Special) – INC Session at Delhi
1924 – INC Session at Belgaum
1925 – INC Session at Kanpur
1926 – INC Session at Guwahati
1927 – INC Session at Madras
1928 – INC Session at Calcutta
1929 – INC Session at Lahore
1930 – No INC Session held
1931 – INC Session at Karachi
1932 – INC Session at Delhi
1933 – INC Session at Calcutta
1934 – INC Session at Bombay
1935 – No INC Session held
1936 – INC Session at Lucknow
1937 – INC Session at Faizpur
1938 – INC Session at Haripura
1939 – INC Session at Tripuri
1940 – INC Session at Ramgarh
1941 to 1945 – No INC Session held
1946 – INC Session at Meerut
1947 – INC Session at Delhi

1860s – The necessity of the partition of Bengal was being discussed.
1870s – Revolutionary terrorism developed in Bengal with the setup of akharas (gymnasiums).
1872 – Mahadev Govind Ranade popularised the idea of Swadeshi in a series of lectures in Poona.
1880 – Vanchinathan was born in the Travancore state.[ Vanchinathan, popularly known as Vanchi, was born to Raghupathy Iyer and Rukmini at Sengottai in 1886.]
December 1885 – The Indian National Congress was born.
March 1890 – The scheme of partition of Bengal was revived.
January 6, 1899 – Lord Curzon was appointed as the new Governor General and Viceroy of India.
1899 – Lord Curzon reduced the number of elected Indian representatives in the Calcutta Corporation.
1902 – The story of revolutionary terrorism begins in Bengal with the formation of secret societies like Anushilan Samity.
1902 – Dawn Society was founded by Satish Chandra Mukherjee.
December 1903 – Lord Curzon drew up a scheme in his Minutes on Territorial Redistribution of India (later published as Risely Papers), transforming into a full-fledged partition plan.
February 1904 – Lord Curzon assured Muslims in his speech at Dhaka that they would enjoy unity in the new province of East Bengal.
1904 – The University Act brought Calcutta University under the direct control of the government.
1904 – The Official Secrets Act was amended to curb the nationalist tone of Indian newspapers.
1904 – Subramania Bharati became the subeditor of Swadesamitran.
1905 – Lord Curzon ordered the partition of Bengal.
1905 – The idea of the Swadeshi movement was conceptualized by a string of Congress leaders.
1905 – Subramania Bharati met Sister Nivedita.
July 17, 1905 – A decision was made at a Calcutta meeting to extend the protest to the masses, and Surendranath Banerjee called for the boycott of British goods.
July 19, 1905 – The partition of Bengal was officially declared.
August 7, 1905 – Formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made at the Calcutta Town Hall.
October 16, 1905 – Bengal was officially partitioned; declared as a day of mourning where thousands bathed in the Ganga and sang Bande Mataram.
November 5, 1905 – The National Council of Education was formed at the initiative of the Dawn Society.
1905–1907 – Police reports in Madras classified students as dangerous and their activities as seditious.
1905–1911 – The period of the Swadeshi Movement.
1905–1911 – [ONLY PRESENT IN TAMIL TEXTBOOK] The period referenced for the statistical demographic data of Bengal and Eastern Bengal & Assam.
1906 – Lord Minto was appointed as the new Viceroy of India.[ Correct Fact: Lord Minto was appointed and assumed office as the Viceroy of India in November 1905 (succeeding Lord Curzon) ]
1906 – Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress was held, where Dadabhai Naoroji was elected president.
1906 – The Dhaka Anushilan Samity was born through the initiative of Pulin Behari Das.
1906 – Hemchandra Kanungo went to Paris to get military training.
1906 – V.O. Chidambaram mooted the idea of a swadeshi shipping venture and registered the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC).
1906 – G. Subramaniam published a book condemning British actions during the Congress Conference in Barsal.
August 1906 – Bengal National College and a School were founded.
August 1906 – The first swadeshi dacoity to raise funds was organised in Rangpur by the Calcutta Anushilan Samity.
1907 – Surat split divided the Indian National Congress into militant and moderate groups.
1907 – The Public Meetings Act was passed.
1907 – Bipin Chandra Pal came to Madras, and his speeches on the Madras Beach electrified the audience.
1907 – Subramania Bharati published a translated booklet on the Madras militants’ trip to the Surat Congress.
February to March 1907 – V.O.C. and Subramania Siva addressed daily public meetings at the beach in Tuticorin.
March 9, 1907 – Bipin Chandra Pal was released from prison.[correct fact- In the first week of March 1908, a series of stirring speeches by VOC, Siva and Padmanabha Iyengar electrified the people of Tuticorin. The nationalist leaders, with strong support from the people of Tuticorin, resolved to take out a mammoth procession on the morning of 9thMarch 1908 to celebrate the release of B.C. Pal from jail and to hoist the flag of Swaraj. Source: pib.gov.in- https://shorturl.at/DdeIp]
1908 – The Explosive Substance Act was passed.
1908 – The Newspaper (Incitement and Offence) Act was passed.
1908 – The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act was introduced.
1908 – Militant nationalism was on the decline and revolutionary activities rose.
1908 – Hemchandra Kanungo returned to India and established a bomb factory at a garden house in Maniktala.
1908 – The 1908 session of the Congress was attended only by the moderates.
1908 – Abject working and living conditions of the Coral Mill workers attracted the attention of V.O.C and Siva.
March 1908 – Workers of the Coral Cotton Mills went on strike.
March 12, 1908 – V.O.C., Subramania Siva, and Padmanabha Iyengar were arrested in Tirunelveli on charges of sedition.
April 30, 1908 – Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki mistakenly threw a bomb on a carriage in an attempt to kill Douglas Kingsford.
July 7, 1908 – V.O.C. and Subramania Siva were found guilty and imprisoned on charges of sedition.
November 4, 1908 – Judgment was delivered in the case of King Emperor versus V.O.C. and Subramania Siva.
December 1908 – The Morley-Minto constitutional reforms were announced.
1910 – The Indian Press Act was passed.
June 1911 – The collector of Tirunelveli, Robert Ashe, was shot dead at Maniyachi Railway station by Vanchinathan.
1916 – The nationalist movement in Tamil Nadu saw a revival with the Home Rule Movement.
1920s – Mahatma Gandhi gave a new meaning to the idea of Swadeshi.
1950 – Aurobindo Ghose died in Pondicherry.

1880s – Home Rule Movement gathered force in Ireland
1893 – Dr. Annie Besant came to India and joined the Theosophical Society. [Right Fact: Dr. Annie Besant officially joined the Theosophical Society in 1889 in England, and then came to India in 1893.

Official Source Link: https://inc.in/leadership/past-party-presidents/annie-besant#:~:text=She%20joined%20the%20Theosophical%20Society%20in%20May%201889%20and

1899-1900 – Boer War (Gandhi served as assistant superintendent of the Indian volunteer stretcher-bearer corps)
1903 – Lord Curzon created the Criminal Intelligence Department (CID)
1905 – Japan defeated Russia; Swadeshi Movement occurred (aftermath led to thriving of Indian industries)
1906 – Gandhi served as an officer of the Indian volunteer ambulance corps in the Zulu War
1907 – Death of H.S. Olcott; Annie Besant succeeded him as the international president of the Theosophical Society
1908 – Young Turks overthrew their government; Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act passed; Explosives Substances Act passed
1909 – British passed the Minto-Morley Reforms
1910 – Indian Press Act passed
1911 – Chinese nationalists overthrew their government; Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act passed
1913 – A new group of leaders including Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League; Lala Hardayal founded Pacific Coast Hindustan Association (Ghadar Party); Ghadar journal began publication on November 1
1914 – Britain announced entry in First World War; Annie Besant started weekly ‘The Commonweal’; Foreigners Ordinance promulgated
1915 – Annie Besant published ‘How India Wrought for Freedom’; New India daily newspaper started on July 14; Besant made formal declaration to start Home Rule League on September 28; Bombay session of Congress suitably altered the constitution of the party in December; Congress and Muslim League held annual session at Bombay; Defence of India Act passed [Right Fact: New India daily newspaper was started on July 14, 1914. [She founded a weekly newspaper ‘Commonweal’ in January 1914 for her political work. In June 1914 she purchased the ‘Madras Standard’ and renamed it ‘New India’,]

Source Link: https://shorturl.at/zyfuN]

1916 – Extremists led by Tilak gained control of Congress; Lucknow Pact signed; Central Hindu College upgraded as Benaras Hindu University; Two Home Rule Movements launched; Tilak’s Home Rule League set up at Belgaum in April; Tilak arrested on July 23; Besant’s Home Rule League inaugurated in Madras in September; Memorandum on post-War reforms addressed to Viceroy in October; Congress and League met at Calcutta in November; Annual sessions of Congress and League confirmed agreements in December
1917 – Tilak’s League claimed membership of 14,000 in April; Besant, Wadia, and Arundale interned in Ootacamund in June; AICC meeting convened on July 28; Montagu announced ‘self-governing institutions and responsible government’ as goal on August 20; in September Besant released and in December 1917 elected as President of Calcutta session of Congress; Bolshevik Revolution success
1918 – Tilak’s League claimed 32,000 membership by early 1918; Madras Labour Union formed; Tilak went to Britain in September for libel case against Valentine Chirol
1919 – April: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Gandhi’s arrest, and strikes in Gujarat
1919-1920 – Number of registered trade unions stood at 107
1920 – Government of Ireland Act established a system of Home Rule in six counties of Northern Ireland; Khilafat Movement demands presented in Paris in March; All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) established on October 30 [Correct Fact: The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was established on 31 October 1920.

Official Source: Official AITUC History: https://aituckerala.com/history ]

1921 – Anglo-Irish Treaty established Home Rule in remaining 26 counties in the south of Ireland
1929 – Commonwealth of India League transformed into the India League by V.K. Krishna Menon
1946-1947 – Number of registered trade unions increased to 1833

1869 – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in the coastal town of Porbandar.
1872 – Jyoti Rao Phule’s book titled ‘Gulamgiri’ was published.[ Correct Fact: Jyotirao Phule’s Gulamgiri was published in 1873.

Official Source: Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) Library Catalogue: https://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/ (The LBSNAA catalogue records Gulamgiri (1873).) ]

1880s – Introduction of electoral politics gave a fillip to caste organisations.
1905 – Servants of India Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
1912 – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar graduated from Elphinston College.
1915 – Gandhi returned to India from South Africa.
1916 – Ambedkar participated in an international conference of Anthropology and presented a research paper on ‘Castes in India’.
1916 (End of the year) – The Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued.
1917 – The Champaran Movement was launched by Gandhi.
1918 – Mill Workers’ Strike and Gandhi’s Fast took place at Ahmedabad.
1918 – The Kheda Struggle took place.
1918 – Scheme of constitutional changes was announced.
1918 (August) – The Indian National Congress met in a special session at Bombay to discuss the constitutional scheme.
1918-2018 – Centenary Year of Kheda Satyagrah.
1919 – The Indian Councils Act (Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms) was promulgated.
1919 (March) – The government passed the Rowlatt Act.
1919 (March–April) – Gandhi called upon the people to observe ‘hartal’ against the Rowlatt Act.
1919 (April 13) – The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred in Amritsar.
1919 (May 31) – Rabindranath Tagore wrote a protest letter to the viceroy renouncing his title.
1920 (August 31) – The Khilafat Conference decided to launch the non-cooperation movement.
1920 (September) – The Congress met in a special session at Calcutta and resolved to accept Gandhi’s proposal on non-cooperation.
1920 – A regular Congress session held at Nagpur endorsed the earlier non-cooperation resolutions.
1920s – Dr. Ambedkar came to the centre stage of the struggles of the oppressed world.
1921 – The visit of the Prince of Wales to several cities in India was boycotted.
1922 (February) – Gandhi announced he would lead a mass civil disobedience at Bardoli if press freedom was not ensured and prisoners released within seven days.
1922 (February 5) – A Congress procession of 3000 strong was fired upon by police in Chauri-Chaura.
1927 – The Congress at its annual session in Madras resolved to boycott the Simon Commission.
1928 (December) – The All-Parties meet held at Calcutta failed to accept the Motilal Nehru Report.
1928 (December) – The Congress met at Calcutta and announced Jawaharlal Nehru would be the President of the next session.
1929 – The Meerut conspiracy case was filed.
1929 (April 8) – Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutt threw a bomb into the central Assembly hall.
1929 (December 31) – The tricolour flag of freedom was hoisted at Lahore.
1929-1930 – The British were due to consider and announce another instalment of constitutional reforms.
1930 – The divide and rule policy was true with the Brahmanetara Parishat and the Justice Party at least till this year.
1930 (April 6) – Gandhi reached Dandi on the 25th day of the march and broke the salt law.
1930 (April 13) – A salt march led by Rajaji started towards Vedaranyam.
1930 (April 28) – The salt march led by Rajaji reached Vedaranyam.
1931 (January) – Gandhi was released from custody.
1931 (March 5) – The Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed.
1932 (August) – The British government announced the Communal Award.
1933 (May) – The civil disobedience movement was officially suspended.
1934 (May) – The civil disobedience movement was withdrawn.
1937 – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar launched the Independent Labour party.[ Correct Fact: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party (ILP) on 15 August 1936. The party contested the 1937 provincial elections, which is why the year 1937 is often confused with its formation.
1940 (March 30) – Udham Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer in Caxton Hall of London. [Correct Fact: Udham Singh assassinated Sir Michael O’Dwyer at Caxton Hall, London, on 13 March 1940.]
1942 – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar launched the Scheduled Caste Federation.
1942 – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was made a member of the Defence Advisory Committee.

1794 – Birth year of Dwarakanath Tagore.
1815 – Birth year of Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar.
1839 – Birth year of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata.
1843 – Bengal Coal Company was set up in Raniganj by Dwarakanath Tagore.
1847 – Death year of Dwarakanath Tagore.[ Correct Fact: Dwarakanath Tagore died on 1 August 1846 in London.]
1853 – First passenger train ran connecting Bombay with Thane. [Exact date April 16, 1853, at 3:35 PM, started from Bori Bunder to Thane covering 34 km. [ONLY PRESENT IN TAMIL TEXTBOOK]]
1854 – First Indian to start a cotton mill (Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company) was Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar in Bombay.
1855 – First jute mill was founded in Calcutta.
1860 – Birth year of M. Singaravelar (18 February 1860). Government leather factory was set up in Kanpur.
1861-1865 – Period of the American Civil War.
1868 – J.N. Tata’s trading company (later Tata Group) was established.
1873 – Death year of Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar.
1875 – A group of Europeans attempted to found the Bengal Iron Company.
1875-1876 – Start of the period during which cotton textile mills in India increased from 47 to 271.
1882 – First Indian-owned paper mill (Couper Paper Mill) was set up in Lucknow.
1889 – Bengal Iron and Steel Company was set up.
1892 – Coal industry picked up.
1896 – Stanes Mill (Coimbatore Spinning and Weaving Mills) was established.
1904 – Death year of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. Cement manufacturing began in Madras (South Indian Industries Ltd).
1905 – First Indian-owned National Tannery was established in Calcutta.
1907 – Birth year of Bhagat Singh (28 September 1907). Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was set up in Sakchi, Bihar.
1910 – First major Hydroelectric project (Tata Hydroelectric Company) was set up.
1911 – Railway industry employed 98,723 persons.
1912-1913 – TISCO production was 31,000 tons.
1913 – Birth year of Kalpana Dutt.
1913-1914 – End of the period during which cotton textile mills in India increased from 47 to 271.
1914 – 129 spinning, weaving, and other cotton mills existed in the Bombay presidency; 64 jute mills existed in the Calcutta Presidency.
1916 – An industrial commission was appointed for the first time.
1917 – October Revolution in Russia.
1917-1918 – TISCO production increased to 1,81,000 tons.
1919 – Scindia Steam Navigation Company Limited was pioneered.
1920 – October 1920: Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
1921 – 3 June 1921: First batch of radicals reached Peshawar.
1922-1927 – A series of five conspiracy cases were instituted against the radicals.
1923 – 1 May 1923: First celebration of May Day in the country organised by M. Singaravelar.
1923-1924 – A short slug in the output of the textile industry occurred.
1924 – Kanpur (Bolshevik) Conspiracy Case was instituted.
1925 – CPI was formally founded on Indian soil in Bombay. December 1925: A Communist Conference of different communist groups was held. [Correct Fact: The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formally founded on Indian soil at Kanpur in December 1925 (commonly known as the Kanpur Conference).]
1926-1931 – Period of Lord Irwin as Governor General and Viceroy of India.
1927 – February and September 1927: Kharagpur Railway workshop strikes occurred.
January to July 1928: Liluah Rail workshop strike. April 1928: Textile workers’ strike in Bombay.
July 1928: Strike at the Golden Rock workshop of the South Indian Railway.
September 1928: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was reorganised.
December 1928: Superintendent of Police James A. Scott assaulted Lajpat Rai leading to his death. [Correct Fact: Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted during the protest against the Simon Commission on 30 October 1928 in Lahore. He succumbed to his injuries on 17 November 1928. James A. Scott was the Superintendent of Police responsible for ordering the lathi charge.]
December 1928: Trade Disputes Act and Public Safety Bill were passed. Calcutta scavengers’ strike occurred.
1929 – 8 April 1929: Bhagat Singh threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly.
July-August 1929: Strikes in the jute mills in Bengal.
December 1929: Attempt made to blow up the train carrying Lord Irwin. Meerut Conspiracy Case was instituted. Start of the Great Depression.
1929-1930 – Value of Indian exports was Rs. 311 crores; 44 percent of cotton piece goods consumed in India came from outside.
1929-1937 – Twenty-nine mills and ginning factories were floated in the Coimbatore area.
1930 – 18 April 1930 (Night): Chittagong armouries were raided. 7 October 1930: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were sentenced to death.
1931 – March 1931: Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress was held. 23 March 1931: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged.
1931-1936 – Sugar factories in Madras province rose from two to eleven.
1932 – 13 June 1932: Face-to-face battle in Dhalghat. Cement factory started at Madukkarai.
1932-1933 – Value of Indian exports dropped to Rs. 132 crores.
1933 – 16 January 1933: Sessions Court in Meerut awarded stringent sentences. February 1933: Surya Sen was arrested. July 1933: Sentences in the Meerut Conspiracy Case were reduced on appeal.
1933-1934 – Proportion of imported cotton piece goods consumed in India fell to 20.5 percent.
1934 – 12 January 1934: Surya Sen was hanged.
1939 – Scindia Steam Navigation Company took over the Bombay Steam Navigation Company. Second World War began (start of a new phase of production).
1946 – 11 February 1946: Death year of M. Singaravelar.
1995 – Death year of Kalpana Dutt.

Mid-19th Century – English education predominated, gradually replacing the old system of administration.
1857 – The great rebellion, representing the last gasp of the earlier ruling class, was brutally suppressed.
1870s – The Bengal government passed an order to replace Urdu with Hindi, and the Perso-Arabic script with the Nagri script in courts and offices.
1875 – Arya Samaj was founded, asserting the superior qualities of Hinduism.
1880s – Local administrative bodies provided the scope for pursuing communal politics.
1885 – The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded to narrow the Hindu-Muslim divide.
1905-1906 – Swadeshi Movement took place in Bengal; Muslim supporters of it were condemned as “Congress touts.”
October 1, 1906 – A 35-member delegation of Muslim nobles and elite met Lord Minto at Simla under the leadership of Aga Khan.
1907 – The All India Muslim League (AIML) was founded to safeguard the interests of Muslims.[ Correct Fact: The All India Muslim League was officially founded on 30 December 1906 at Dhaka (now in Bangladesh)]
1909 – Government of India Act / Minto-Morley Reforms was introduced, providing separate electorates and reserved seats for Muslims.
1915 – The first All Indian Conference of Hindus was convened at Haridwar, and the All India Hindu Mahasabha was started with headquarters at Dehra Dun.
1916 – The Lucknow Pact put an official seal on a separate political identity for Muslims.
1919 – Self-governing institutions were created under the Act of 1919, leading to political rivalries between Hindus and Muslims.
1920-1922 – The Hindu Mahasabha ceased to function as the Khilafat movement gave some respite to separatist politics.
1921 – Boycott of the visit of the Prince of Wales took place; the bloody Malabar rebellion broke out where Muslim peasants were pitted against British rulers and Hindu landlords.
1922 – The non-cooperation movement was suspended, causing frustration among Muslims and crumbling the Khilafatist-Congress alliance.
August 1923 – The sixth annual conference of the Hindu Mahasabha was held in Varanasi; municipal elections in Allahabad saw Nehru’s faction victorious over Malaviya’s faction.
1924 – The Caliphate was abolished; Lala Lajpat Rai openly advocated the partition of the Punjab into Hindu and Muslim Provinces.
1925 – The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (R.S.S.) was founded.
March 20, 1927 – A Conference of Muslims met at Delhi and formulated four proposals (Delhi Proposals) to give up separate electorates.
1928 – An All Parties Convention was held in Calcutta where Hindu Mahasabha members rejected all amendments, destroying unity possibilities.
1930 – Mohammad Iqbal expressed his wish to see a consolidated North-west Indian Muslim State at the Muslim League’s annual conference in Allahabad.
1934 – The Congress forbade its members from joining the Hindu Mahasabha or the R.S.S.
1937 – Elections were held where Congress won in seven provinces; Sir Wazir Hasan articulated the “Two Nation Theory” at the Bombay session of the Muslim League.
December 1938 – The Congress Working Committee declared Hindu Mahasabha membership to be a disqualification for remaining in the Congress.
1939 – The Second World War broke out, and Viceroy Linlithgow announced India was at war without consulting the Congress, prompting Congress ministries to resign.
December 22, 1939 – The Muslim League celebrated the end of Congress rule as a ‘Day of Deliverance’.
March 23, 1940 – The Muslim League formally adopted the resolution demanding an independent state for Muslims based on geographically contiguous units.
March 26, 1940 – The Muslim League passed a resolution in Lahore demanding a separate nation for Muslims.
1942 – The Quit India movement was openly boycotted by the Muslim League.
1946 – Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held; a three-member Cabinet Mission led by Pethick-Lawrence arrived in New Delhi.
July 29, 1946 – The Muslim League adopted a resolution rejecting the Cabinet Mission Plan.
August 16, 1946 – The Muslim League observed ‘Direct Action Day’, leading to four days of terrible rioting and killing in Calcutta.

1930s – Genesis of the demand for a separate unit or units consisting of Muslim majority regions in Eastern and North-Western India.
1938-1939 – Congress membership was at 4.5 million.
August 1939 – Subhas Chandra Bose was removed from all positions in the Congress organization.
March 23, 1940 – The Lahore resolution was passed demanding a separate nation for Muslims.
July 3, 1940 – Subhas Chandra Bose was arrested by the British under the Defence of India Act.
August 8, 1940 – Viceroy Lord Linlithgow offered the August Offer.
October 17, 1940 – Vinobha Bhave offered Satyagraha near his Paunar ashram in Maharashtra, beginning the programme.
October 1940 – Gandhi launched the Individual Satyagraha to keep up the morale of the Congress.
December 1940 – Gandhi suspended the Individual Satyagraha.
1940-1941 – Congress membership had fallen to 1.4 million.
1941 – France, Poland, Belgium, Norway and Holland fell to Germany.
January 1941 – Individual Satyagraha was revived with some changes and groups offered satyagrahas.
January 16-17, 1941 (Midnight) – Subhas Chandra Bose slipped out of Calcutta.
March 1941 (End) – Subhas Chandra Bose reached Berlin, travelling through Kabul and the Soviet Union on an Italian passport.
August 1941 – Individual Satyagraha was eventually withdrawn.
December 7, 1941 – Japanese war-planes bombed the American port at Pearl Harbour.
December 1941 – Congress Working Committee passed a resolution offering cooperation with the war effort on the condition that Britain promised independence after the war.
1941 (End) – Japanese forces stormed through the Philippines, Indo-China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Burma.
March 1942 – A delegation headed by Sir Stafford Cripps reached India.
March 1942 – Subhas Chandra Bose addressed the people of India on the Azad Hind Radio broadcast from Germany.
April to August 1942 – A sixty-point increase in prices of food-grains was recorded.
May 1942 – Gandhi took it upon himself to steer the Indian National Congress into action.
May 16, 1942 – Gandhi gave a press interview stating: ‘Leave India to God…’.
July 14, 1942 – Working Committee of the INC met at Wardha and resolved to launch a mass civil disobedience movement.
August 9, 1942 (Early morning) – All prominent leaders of the INC, including Gandhi, were arrested.
August 20, 1942 – Tata Steel Plant in Jamshedpur closed down by striking workers.
September 1942 (Late) – The movement took the shape of attacks and destruction of communication facilities.
1942 (End) – Mohan Singh had drafted about 40,000 men in the Indian National Army.
February 10, 1943 – Gandhi’s 21-day fast in jail began.
July 2, 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose reached Singapore.
October 1943 – Lord Archibald Wavell replaced Linlithgow as Viceroy.
October 21, 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose set up the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore.
1943 (End) – Number of persons arrested across India stood at 91,836 and police shot dead 1060
April 1944 – C. Rajaji put out a proposal to resolve the separate nation issue.
May 6, 1944 – Gandhi was released from prison on health grounds.
July 1944 – Gandhi proposed talks with Jinnah based on the ‘Rajaji formula’.
July 6, 1944 – Subhas Chandra Bose addressed a message to Gandhi over the Azad Hind Radio from Rangoon.
September 1944 – The ‘Tamluk Jatiya Sarkar’ parallel government in the Midnapore district lasted until this month.
1944 (Late) – A battalion of the INA commanded by Shah Nawaz accompanied the Japanese army in its march on Imphal.
March 1945 – Lord Wavell sailed to London to convince Churchill of the imperative for a Congress-Muslim League coalition government.
June 1945 – Lord Wavell moved to negotiate and called for the Simla conference.
June 25 to July 14, 1945 – The Simla Conference was held.
1945 (Mid) – Japanese retreated before the final surrender to the British command.
January 6, 1946 – Commander in chief remitted the sentences of INA officers and set them free.
February 1946 – The ratings of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) raised the banner of revolt.
February 18, 1946 – Revolt by the ratings in the HMIS Talwar triggered by B.C. Dutt’s arrest.
February 19, 1946 – Ratings in the HMIS Hindustan and other naval establishments in Karachi went on a lightning strike.
March 1946 – The Cabinet Mission landed in India.
April 1946 – Convention of Muslim League Legislators in Delhi defined Pakistan as a sovereign independent state.
June 6, 1946 – Jinnah sounded out his acceptance of the Cabinet Mission’s confederation idea.
June 15, 1946 – Viceroy issued invitations to 14 men to join the interim government.
July 7, 1946 – Nehru conveyed through his speech at the AICC that the INC accepted the Cabinet Mission proposal.
July 29, 1946 – Jinnah announced that the Muslim League stood opposed to the plan and would not participate in the Constituent Assembly.
July to August 1946 – Elections were held in which Congress secured 199 general seats and Muslim League secured 76 seats.
August 12, 1946 – Viceroy announced he was inviting Nehru to form the provisional government.
August 16, 1946 – Muslim League gave a call for ‘Direct Action’.
August 25, 1946 – 12 members of the National Interim Government were announced.
September 2, 1946 – Nehru assumed office in the interim government.
September 9, 1946 – Gandhi arrived in transit camps in Delhi from Calcutta.
October 26, 1946 – The interim cabinet was reconstituted to include Muslim League members.
December 9, 1946 – 207 members attended the first session of the Constituent Assembly.
February 20, 1947 – British Prime Minister Atlee stated in Parliament that the British were firm on leaving India by June 1948.
March 1947 – Liaquat Ali Khan presented the ‘socialistic budget’ proposals.
March 22, 1947 – Lord Mountbatten replaced Lord Wavell as Viceroy.
May 1, 1947 – Congress Working Committee conveyed its acceptance of the idea of partition to Mountbatten.
June 15, 1947 – AICC met and approved the resolution moved by Govind Ballabh Pant accepting partition.
August 15, 1947 – Desire to advance the date of British withdrawal and eventual day of independence.
June 1948 – Stated date by which the British intended to leave India.

Three decades – The time before independence during which India’s foreign policy principles were formulated.
1920 – The Indian National Congress recorded that national identity must be achieved through linguistic identity at its Nagpur session.
1922 – Gandhi laid down the founding principle that Indians shall make their own constitution.
1928 – The Nehru Committee Report was published regarding the redistribution of provinces on a linguistic basis.
March 1931 – Karachi session of the Indian National Congress where the Fundamental Rights Resolution was passed.
1934 – The Indian National Congress formally voiced the demand that the Indian people draft their own constitution.
1935 – The Government of India Act year (used as the basis for elections to Provincial Assemblies and the Instrument of Accession).
March 1940 – The Muslim League put forth the demand for the partition of India on Hindu-Muslim lines at its Lahore session.
1941 – The census year used by the Boundary Commissions to identify Hindu or Muslim majority villages (conducted during World War II).
1945 – The Indian National Congress manifesto for elections clearly referenced the reorganisation of provinces.
December 1945 and April 1947 – Resolutions were passed at the All India States People’s Conference.
1946 – Sardar Vallabhai Patel had been negotiating with the Maharaja of Kashmir since this year.
July–August 1946 – the process related to the Constituent Assembly elections had concluded.
August 1946 – Elections were held to the Provincial Assemblies based on the 1935
August 31, 1946 – Pattabhi Sitaramayya raised the demand for an Andhra Province.
December 8, 1946 – A conference presided over by Pattabhi Sitaramayya passed a resolution demanding linguistic reorganisation of States.
December 9, 1946 – The Constituent Assembly was convened for the first time.
December 13, 1946 – Jawaharlal Nehru placed the Objectives Resolution before the Constituent Assembly.
February 20, 1947 – Prime Minister Atlee declared the intention for the British to withdraw from India.
March 1947 – Nehru organised the Asian Relations Conference.
March 22, 1947 – Mountbatten arrived as viceroy, replacing Wavell.
June 3, 1947 – Mountbatten advanced the date of British withdrawal and announced his plan for the transfer of power.
June 14, 1947 – The Mountbatten plan for independence and partition was accepted at the AICC meeting
July 8, 1947 – Sir Cyril Radcliffe arrived in India to redraw the map.
August 9, 1947 – The two Boundary Commissions submitted their report / Radcliffe presented his award.
August 14/15, 1947 – Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the Constituent Assembly in the intervening night / Contours of the two dominions (India and Pakistan) were drawn.
August 15, 1947 – The advanced date of British withdrawal / India’s independence / Gandhi observed a fast / Deadline for Princely States (except three) to sign the Instrument of Accession.
August to November 1947 (Four months) – The period during which massive migration occurred between India and Pakistan.
October 1947 – Marauders from Pakistan raided Kashmir.
1947 to 1949 – The period when linguistic reorganization of states was raised and argued in the Constituent Assembly.
1947–1948 – The period when 500,000 non-Muslim refugees flowed into Punjab and Delhi.
January 30, 1948 – The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.
June 17, 1948 – Chairman Rajendra Prasad set up the Linguistic Provinces Commission.
June 30, 1948 – The original date set by Prime Minister Atlee for the British withdrawal from India.
December 1948 – Another Asian leaders’ conference was held in response to the Dutch attempt to re-colonize Indonesia.
December 10, 1948 – The Linguistic Provinces Commission submitted its report / The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was promulgated by the United Nations.
April 1, 1949 – The JVP committee submitted its report.
1949 – China was liberated by its people from Japanese colonial expansionism.
Two years – The time after India’s independence when China was liberated.
November 26, 1949 – The Constitution of India was adopted.
January 1, 1950 – India became the first to recognize the new People’s Republic of China.
1950 – China occupied Tibet.
April 1950 – The political leadership of both nations still hoped to restore normality and facilitate the return of refugees.
April 8, 1950 – Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan signed the Delhi pact.
October 19, 1952 – Potti Sriramulu began his fast demanding a separate state of Andhra.
December 15, 1952 – The death of Potti Sriramulu.
1954 – India and China signed a treaty recognizing China’s rights over Tibet (Panch Sheel) / Asian leaders’ conference held in Colombo.
April 1955 – Bandung Conference where Nehru projected China and Chou En-lai.
1955 – The Afro-Asian Conference was held in Bandung, Indonesia.
October 1955 – The States Reorganisation Commission submitted its report.
1956 – Formation of a composite Andhra Pradesh / States Reorganisation Act implemented.
1959 – The Dalai Lama fled Tibet along with thousands of refugees.
October 1959 – The Chinese opened fire on an Indian patrol near the Kongka pass in Ladakh.
May 1960 – Gujarat was created from Maharashtra.
1961 – The high point of India’s foreign policy was reached when Nehru, Nasser, and Tito called for nuclear disarmament.
September 8, 1962 – Chinese forces attacked the Thagla ridge and dislodged Indian troops.
1962 – War broke out between India and China.
1966 – Trifurcation of Punjab to constitute Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
December 1971 – East Pakistan became Bangladesh.
2019 – Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, was abolished.

1909 – Establishment of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore.
1945 – Establishment of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).
1947 – India became independent.
1948 – First Industrial Policy statement was made.
1949 – Zamindari abolition legislation introduced in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Madras, Assam, and Bombay.
1950 – The Planning Commission was set up.
1950s – Establishment of steel plants in Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro and engineering plants like BHEL and HMT [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK].
1951 – First Amendment to the Constitution passed (pre-empting zamindar rights).
1951 – Industrial Development and Regulation Act was passed.
1951-56 – First Five Year Plan period.
1955 – Fourth Amendment to the Constitution passed.
1955 – Zamindari abolition act passed in West Bengal.
1956 – Industrial Policy Resolution was passed.
1956 – Zamindari abolition was completed.
1956-61 – Second Five Year Plan (Mahalanobis Plan) period.
1960-61 – Total rice production recorded at 35 million tonnes.
1961 – Land ceiling was implemented first in Tamil Nadu.
1965 – High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds of wheat and rice were adopted.
1965 – India-Pakistan War highlighted the necessity of food security [ONLY PRESENT IN TAMIL TEXTBOOK].
1966-69 – Three one-year plans were implemented.
1969-74 – Fourth Five Year Plan period (emphasis on poverty alleviation).[ Correct Fact: The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969–74) emphasized “Growth with Stability” and the progressive achievement of self-reliance. The slogan “Garibi Hatao” (Poverty Alleviation) became the principal focus of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–79).]
1970s – Television sets were produced only by public sector companies [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK].
1972 – Land ceiling unit was changed to a ‘family’.
1973 – Industrial Policy Statement encouraged large industrial houses to start operations in rural and backward areas.
1977 – Industrial Policy Statement framed by the Janata government to promote rural, village, and small-scale industries.
1980 – Industrial Policy Statement announced by the Congress government to promote balanced growth.
1980-85 – Target period to provide assistance to 600 families in each block under IRDP.
1980-99 – Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was implemented.
1991 – Shift in industrial policy to a liberalised economy and disinvestment of loss-making public sector units.
1992-97 – Eighth Five Year Plan period (Economy was liberalised).
1999 – IRDP was restructured to promote self-employment of the rural poor.
2005 – National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was passed.
2006-2012 – Rs. 1,10,000 crores distributed directly as wage payment under MGNREGA.
2011 – Literacy level increased to 74%.
2011-12 – Total rice production increased to 104 million tonnes.
2012 – Number of public sector enterprises increased to 225.
2012-2017 – Twelfth Five Year Plan period (The last plan).
2014-15 – Educational statistics recorded for schools and universities.
2015 – Planning Commission was wound up and replaced by NITI Aayog.
2017 – End of the period covering the twelve Five Year Plans since 1951.

2nd century BC (BCE) – Paper originated in China.
1st century CE – Ptolemy’s map was drawn.[ Claudius Ptolemy compiled his work Geographia (Geography), containing his maps, in the 2nd century CE (around 150 CE).]
11th century – Philosophical discussion began in Europe.
1214–1294 – Life period of Roger Bacon, an English philosopher considered the father of modern experimental science.
1265–1321 – Life period of Dante, the great Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy.
14th century – Paper reached Germany; Italian cities engaged in sea-borne trade became fabulously rich; lending money for profit became an established business practice; Petrarch’s rediscovery of Cicero’s letters was a key moment in the Italian Renaissance.
1304–1374 – Life period of Petrarch, considered the father of Italian Renaissance literature.
1313–1375 – Life period of Giovanni Boccaccio, a Florentine who produced the Decameron.
1393 – Manuel Chrysaloras, a famous scholar of Constantinople, arrived in Venice on a mission from the Byzantine emperor to seek help against the Turks.
1413–1423 – Giovanni Aurispa brought back nearly 250 manuscript books to Italy.
1415 – A Church Council ordered that the bones of John Wycliffe should be dug up and burnt 31 years after his death.
1430 – Joan of Arc was captured by the English, condemned as a witch, and burnt at the stakes.
1434–1464 – Cosimo de Medici had indirect control over the functioning of the government in Florence.
1442 – Sailors sent out by Prince Henry, the Navigator, reached the Guinea Coast of Africa.
1453 – Fall of Constantinople led to a great exodus of classical scholars to Western Europe.
1460s – Donatello created a very realistic and majestic painting of David.[ Donatello was an Italian sculptor, not a painter. His famous bronze sculpture of David was created in the 1440s]
1469–1527 – Life period of Niccolò Machiavelli, whose book The Prince served as a political guide for rulers.
1473–1543 – Life period of Nicolas Copernicus, a Polish scientist who propounded the heliocentric theory.
1475–1564 – Life period of Michelangelo, the greatest Renaissance sculptor who fashioned the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
1479 – King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile took power in their hands and united Spain.
1483 – Burgundy was finally brought under control and became part of France under King Louis XI.
1483–1520 – Life period of Raphael, famous for Madonna and Child and the School of Athens painting.
1483–1546 – Life period of Martin Luther, a Christian priest who rose in revolt against Rome and wrote the 95 Theses.
1484–1531 – Life period of Huldrych Zwingli, who started a similar reform movement in Switzerland.
1485–1509 – Reign of King Henry VII of England, who started the Tudor line of monarchy.
1488 – Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
3 August 1492 – Christopher Columbus sailed from the harbour of Palos near Cadiz with three small ships.
1492 – Columbus reached a land he believed to be India, but was really the new continent of America, after a voyage of two months and nine days.
1493 – Pope Alexander VI issued a Papal Bull drawing a north–south line passing around 320 miles west of the Cape Verde islands.
1494 – Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, shifting the demarcation line to 1,185 miles west of the Cape Verde islands.
1497 – Vasco da Gama started his historic voyage to the eastern part, setting sail with four ships from Lisbon.
1500 – Pedro Cabral sailed westward and discovered Brazil, naming it the “Island of the True Cross”.
April 1500 – Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on the east coast of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.
16 January 1501 – Cabral returned from India towards Portugal with six shiploads of spices.
23 June 1501 – Cabral finally reached Portugal with four remaining ships after two failed on the way.
1509–1564 – Life period of John Calvin, French Protestant leader who settled in Geneva and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion.
1511 – Erasmus published his well-known work, The Praise of Folly, making fun of theologians and monks.
1519 – Ferdinand Magellan sailed out of Seville westward with five ships to explore the world.
1522 – A single ship, the Vittoria (or Victoria), with 18 sailors returned to Seville, completing the first circumnavigation of the world.
1530 – Pizarro crossed the Isthmus of Panama and subjugated Peru, destroying the Inca Empire in South America.
1534 – King Henry VIII passed the Act of Supremacy, severing England’s connection with Rome and establishing the Anglican Church.
15 August 1534 – The Society of Jesus was started by Ignatius of Loyola and six university students in Paris, France.
1545–1563 – The Council of Trent met three times in eighteen years to reform the Catholic Church.
1558–1603 – Reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan Age which produced many scholars.
1564–1642 – Life period of Galileo Galilei, the great astronomer who discovered the satellites of Jupiter, rings of Saturn, and sunspots.
1578–1657 – Life period of William Harvey, who finally proved the circulation of the blood in the human body.
1588 – King Philip II of Spain sent an armada of 130 vessels and 31,000 soldiers to invade England, which was destroyed by the English fleet.
1600 – Giordano Bruno, an Italian, was burned alive in Rome by the Church for insisting that the earth went round the sun.
1618–1648 – The Thirty Years’ War was fought at various provinces of the Holy Roman Empire due to religious divisions.
1657 – The Bank of Sweden, the first government bank, was established.[ Correct Fact: Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) was established in 1668 and is recognized as the world’s oldest central bank. Its predecessor, Stockholm Banco, was founded in 1656 as a private bank.]
1694 – The Bank of England was founded.
1920 – The Catholic Church conferred sainthood on Joan of Arc.

1910 – Korea ruled by Japan since this year.
1931–2007 – Boris Yeltsin lifespan.
1939–1945 – World War II was fought between Allied and Axis powers.
1941 – United States joined the Allied camp after the attack on Pearl Harbour.
1943 – Moscow declaration recognised the need for an international organisation to replace the League of Nations.
1944 (August 21–October 7) – Representatives met at Dumbarton Oaks and formulated proposals for a world organisation.
1945 – United Nations Organisation (UNO) was established; a civil war broke out in Greece; Korea was divided into two zones.
1945 (February) – Yalta Conference was held where decisions on the voting system in the security council were raised.
1945 (April) – San Francisco Conference was held where the Charter of the United Nations was finalised.
1945 (July) – Stalin, Truman, and Churchill met at Potsdam near Berlin to discuss the future of Germany.
1945 (August) – USA dropped atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1945 (October 24) – UNO came into existence.
1946 (February 22) – George Kennan sent an 8,000-word ‘Long Telegram’ to the Department of State.
1946 (March) – Churchill spoke at Fulton, declaring an “iron curtain” had descended.
1947 – Britain told the US it could no longer afford to fight communist insurgencies in Greece and Turkey; CIA was established in the United States.
1947 (March 31) – Date as of which Britain decided to withdraw support from Greece and Turkey.
1947 (May) – UN General Assembly adopted a resolution establishing UNSCOP.
1947 (June) – George C. Marshall came out with the European Recovery Programme (Marshall Plan).
1947 (September) – USSR set up The Cominform.
1947 (November) – UN voted to partition Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.
1948 – Soviets established left-wing governments in Eastern Europe (Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary).
1948 (Early) – Three western zones of Germany were merged together.
1948 (March) – Treaty signed in Brussels providing for military, political, economic, and cultural collaboration (leading to NATO).
1948 (April) – OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) was formed.
1948 (May) – Communist party swept the polls in Czechoslovakia; Israel declared independence (May 14/15).
1948 (June) – Russians stopped all road and rail traffic between West Berlin and West Germany.
1948–1952 – Marshall Aid lasted.
1949 – USSR produced an atomic bomb; China turned into a Communist state under Mao; USSR came out with the Molotov Plan.
1949 (May) – USSR ended its ban on land traffic, ending the Berlin Blockade; Council of Europe was formed by ten countries.
1949 (August) – Federal Republic of Germany (FRG / West Germany) was set up.
1949 (October) – German Democratic Republic (GDR / East Germany) was set up.
1950 (May 9) – Robert Schuman presented the Schuman Plan.
1950 (June 25) – Open warfare began when North Korea invaded South Korea.
1950 (August) – UN General Assembly passed the ‘Uniting for Peace’ resolution.[ Correct Fact: The “Uniting for Peace” Resolution (Resolution 377 A (V)) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 3 November 1950]
1950–1953 – The Korean War.
1951 (April 18) – Treaty signed at Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
1951 (September) – ANZUS treaty signed between US, Australia, and New Zealand.
1952 – Greece and Turkey admitted to NATO; European Parliament began functioning; Term “Third World” coined by Alfred Sauvy.
1952 (November 1) – US detonated “Mike,” the world’s first hydrogen bomb.
1953 – Term “non-alignment” coined by V. K. Krishna Menon; Hungarian leader Rakosi dismissed.
1953 (July) – Fighting in Korea ended with the signing of an armistice.
1954 – Soviet Union’s KGB was formed; US signed Mutual Defence Treaty with Nationalist China (Taiwan).
1954 (September) – Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) formed.
1955 – West Germany joined NATO; First Afro-Asian Conference held at Bandung.
1955 (February) – Iraq and Turkey signed a “pact of mutual cooperation” at Baghdad.
1955 (April) – Great Britain, Pakistan, and Iran joined the Baghdad Pact.
1955 (May) – The Warsaw Pact was signed.
1955 (November 22) – Soviet Union detonated its first hydrogen bomb.[ Correct Fact: The Soviet Union detonated its first hydrogen bomb (RDS-6s / Joe-4) on 12 August 1953. The 22 November 1955 test (RDS-37) was its first two-stage thermonuclear (multi-stage) hydrogen bomb]
1955–1975 – The Vietnam Wars.
1956 – John Foster Dulles used the term “Brinkmanship”.
1956 (July) – Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal; Rakosi removed from power.
1956 (October 23) – Rebellion broke out in Budapest.
1956 (October 26) – Russians agreed to Nagy becoming premier again.
1956 (October 29) – Israeli army invaded the Sinai Peninsula.
1956 (November 4) – Soviet Russia sent army into Hungary and crushed the rebellion.
1956 (November 5) – British and French troops landed at Port Said.
1956 (December 22) – UN evacuated British and French troops from Egypt.
1957 (March) – Israeli forces withdrew from Egypt.
1958 – Events in Middle East threatened stability (Egypt-Syria union, Iraq revolution, Lebanon unrest).
1960 – Britain organised the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
1961 – First Summit of NAM held at Belgrade; OEEC transformed into OECD; Britain decided to join EEC; Boris Yeltsin joined Communist Party.
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis occurred.
1964 – Japan joined OECD; Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) formed.
1966 – US began providing Israel with advanced planes and missiles.
1967 – Six Day War occurred.
1967 (April) – Artillery exchanges between Israel and Syria.
1967 (May 23) – Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping.
1967 (June) – Arab-Israeli War (Six Day War).
Late 1960s to late 1970s – Period of détente.
1968 – Boris Yeltsin became a full-time worker in the party.
1969 – USSR equalled US in terms of nuclear capability.
Seventies – Yeltsin emerged as a popular figure.
1971 – People’s Republic of China became a permanent member in the Security Council.
1972 – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).
1973 (January 1) – Britain admitted to EEC along with Ireland and Denmark.
1977 – SEATO was disbanded.
1979 – Iranian revolution; Iran and Pakistan withdrew from CENTO; CENTO was formally disbanded; Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).
1980s – PLO engaged in guerrilla wars against Israel until this decade.
1985 (March) – Mikhail Gorbachev elected President of USSR; Yeltsin chosen to eliminate corruption.
1986 – Gorbachev spoke at Party Congress explaining perestroika and glasnost; Yeltsin elevated to the Politburo.
1987 (July 1) – Single European Act (SEA) came into force.
1989 – Watershed year in the Cold War era; Free elections in Poland.
1989 (March) – Yeltsin won a seat in the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies.
1989 (July) – Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine.
1989 (November) – The Berlin Wall came down.
1989 (Late November) – Helmut Kohl announced a ten-point programme for German reunification.
1990 – Reunification of Germany.
1990 (May 29) – Soviet parliament elected Yeltsin president of the Russian republic.
1990 (Mid) – Many Soviet Republics declared themselves as independent states.
1990s – PLO entered into peace negotiations.
1991 – Strategic Arms Reduction (START) treaty; Warsaw Pact collapsed; Cold War ended; Yeltsin became first popularly elected leader of Russia.
1991 (December) – Treaty of Maastricht signed.
1991 (December 8) – Soviet Union disintegrated.
1991 (December 25) – Gorbachev resigned.
1993 – European Union established.
2017 – Britain voted to exit the EU (Brexit).[ Correct Fact: The United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in the Brexit referendum held on 23 June 2016. The UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020]