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Two million years ago – Beginning of the lower Palaeolithic culture
Between two million and one million years ago – Evidence for the presence of human ancestors in India
One million years ago – The pre-history of India was previously considered to have begun within this time span
4,00,000 years BP(BEFORE PRESENT) – Changes took place in lithic technology and the species of human ancestors diverged
3,85,000 and 40,000 BCE – Middle Palaeolithic culture in India is dated between these years
85-1.72 lakh years BP – Middle Palaeolithic of Athirampakkam is dated to this time
3,00,000 years ago – Anatomically modern humans emerged
300,000 years ago – Modern humans first evolved in sub-Saharan Africa sometime before this
60,000 years ago – Lower Palaeolithic culture continued up to this time; Modern humans migrated to and occupied various parts of Asia
40,000 years to 10,000 years BP – Time bracket suggested for Upper Palaeolithic culture
28,500 years BP – Microliths appeared in Sri Lanka
25,000 BP – Ostrich egg shells from Patne used as beads are dated to this time
20,000 and 9500 BCE – Mesolithic culture in Levant is dated between these years
10,000 BCE to 5000 BCE – Agriculture emerged in Fertile Crescent, Indus, Ganges valley and China
10,000 BCE – Mesolithic cultures appeared in India
10,000 and 3500 BP – Fresh water lakes were known to exist at Didwana
7000 BCE – Early evidence of Neolithic times at Mehrgarh; Beginnings of Neolithic villages in Indus region
7000 to 5500 BCE – First cultural period (I) of the Neolithic age at Mehrgarh
6500 BCE – Early evidence of rice cultivation at Lehuradeva
5500 to 4800 BCE – Period II at Mehrgarh
4800 to 3500 BCE – Period III at Mehrgarh
Third millennium BCE – The Indus Civilisation appeared in the northwestern part of India and Pakistan
3000–2600 BCE – Early Harappan phase
2600–1900 BCE – Mature Harappan phase
2500-1500 BCE or later – Neolithic cultures of north-eastern India generally date from this period
1900–1700 BCE – Late Harappan phase
1900 BCE – The Indus Valley Civilisation declined from about this time
Middle of the second millennium BCE – Neolithic sites in Central India flourished till this time
1000 BCE – Mesolithic culture continued up to this time in certain parts of India till the beginning of the Iron Age
1826 CE – Charles Mason visited the Indus valley site of Harappa
1831 – Alexander Burnes visited Amri
1853, 1856 and 1875 – Alexander Cunningham visited the site of Harappa
1863 – First Palaeolithic tools were identified at Pallavaram near Chennai by Robert Bruce Foote
19th and 20th century – Groups lived by hunting and gathering as recorded in Edgar Thurston’s Castes and Tribes of Southern India
1940s – Mortimer Wheeler excavated the Harappan sites
1950s – Explorations and excavations conducted after this period helped understand the Harappan Civilisation
End of the 20th century – The pre-history of India was considered to have begun within the time span of one million years ago

3000 BCE – Focus of the history of India dealt with in the chapter; foundations for village settlements laid.
2600-1200 BCE – Period of the Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) culture.
2200 BCE – Date of an inscription discovered in modern Iraq referencing names of Indo-European languages.
2000 BCE to 600 BCE – Period after the decline of the Indus Civilization covering diverse cultures across India.
1900 BCE (Around) – Decline of the Indus Civilization.
1900-1700 BCE – Date of Anatolian inscriptions with common Indo-European features.
1900 BCE – 1500 BCE – Period of the Bactria-Margina Archaeological Complex related to Aryan culture.
1600 BCE – Date of Kassite inscriptions in Iraq.
1500 BCE – 1000 BCE – Date range of the Early Vedic culture and the Rig Veda.
1400 BCE – Date of Mittani inscriptions in Syria and Bhogaz Goi inscriptions referring to names similar to Vedic gods.
1200 BCE or earlier – Date of the beginning of iron use according to recent research.
1100 to 800 BCE – Date of the Painted Grey Ware culture coinciding with the Iron Age in North India.
1000 BCE – Date of Paiyampalli culture based on radio carbon dating.
1000 BCE (Around) – Vedic Aryans moved towards the Kosala and Videha regions.
1000 BCE to 700-600 BCE – Period of the Later Vedic culture.
800 BCE (ca.) – Term ‘janapada’ referring to territory is found in the Brahmanas.
700 BCE (Around) – Earlier believed date for the origin of iron.
600 BCE – Emergence of the Mahajanapadas; end of the early history timeframe discussed.
600 BCE (After) – Introduction of coins.
500 BCE / 600 BCE (After) – Development of state-level political organization.
third to second centuries BCE – Date of primitive hero-stones with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions found in the Vaigai valley.
second century BCE to second century CE – Period of the Sangam anthologies, coeval with Kodumanal.
early first century BCE or a little earlier – Assigned period for some of the Sangam poems.
third-second centuries CE – End of Megalithic burial practice in Tamilnadu.
10-11th century CE – Earliest known written manuscripts of the Vedas.
1657 – Mughal prince Dara Shukoh translated the Upanishads into Persian.
1876 – German ethnologist Andrew Jagor conducted excavation at Adichanallur.
1902-03 – Alexander Rea published his comprehensive findings in the ASI annual report.
1960s – ASI carried out an excavation at Paiyampalli.
1980s and 1990s – Excavations were carried out at Kodumanal.
2012 – Most recent excavation carried out at Kodumanal.

1000 BCE – Aryans began migrating eastwards.
1000–700 BCE – Iron played a significant role in agricultural land expansion.
1000–600 BCE – Later Vedic period witnessed the transition from a tribal polity based on lineage to a territorial state.
6th and 5th centuries BCE – North India underwent a remarkable intellectual awakening.
540 BCE – Vardhamana (Mahavira) was born in Kundagrama.[ a historical village located near modern-day Vaishali in Bihar, India]
8 Months – Duration Buddha and his followers travelled each year.
4 Months – Duration Buddha and his followers stayed at a place during the rainy season.
12 Years – Duration Vardhamana wandered in search of true knowledge.
6 Years – Duration Mahavira spent with Gosala before parting due to doctrinal differences.
13th Year of wandering (Age 42) – Vardhamana attained enlightenment (Nirvana).
30 Years – Duration Mahavira preached.
468 BCE – Mahavira died in Pavapuri near Rajgriha at the age of 72.
A century after Buddha’s death – The Second Buddhist Council met at Vaishali.
3rd century BCE – Buddhism spread to Tamizhagam.
79 or 82 CE (About 500 years after Mahavira’s death) – A schism occurred in Jainism.
3rd century CE – Jainism spread to Tamil Nadu.
4th century CE – Existence of a Buddhist complex in Kaveripattinam.
5th century CE – Another Jaina council was held in Valabhi, Gujarat.
470 CE – Jaina Dravida Sangha was established in Madurai by Vajranandi.
695–722 CE – Reign of Pallava king Narasimhavarman II.
1006 CE – Srivijaya King Mara-wijayottungga-varman built a Buddhist temple (Soolamani-varma-vihara).
11th century CE – Vajrayana Buddhism spread to Tibet.
16th and 17th centuries CE – Gangetic plain was heavily forested according to Makkhan Lal.

1380 BCE – The Bogaz Koi Inscription in North-East Syria was recorded.
6th to 3rd century BCE – North India passed through major political and social changes.
6th century BCE – Urbanization had spread to the doab region.
6th century BCE (middle) – North-western part of India came under the control of the Persian Empire.
530 BCE (around) – Cyrus, the emperor of Persia, invaded India and destroyed the city of Kapisha.
500 BCE – Sanskrit grammarian Panini’s period.
500 BCE (after) – Great improvement in iron technology, making smelting at high temperatures possible.
5th to 4th century BCE – Taxila was part of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia.
461 BCE – Ajatashatru died, leaving Magadha as the undisputedly strongest power.
362 BCE – Nandas became the emperors of Magadha.
327–325 BCE – Alexander invaded north-west India.
326 BCE – Alexander entered the Indian subcontinent after defeating the Persians.
321 BCE – Chandragupta established the Mauryan Empire and became its first emperor.
301 BCE (some time before) – Chandragupta defeated Seleucus and drove him out of the Punjab region.
297 BCE – Bindusara succeeded Chandragupta as emperor.
272 BCE – Bindusara died after ruling for 25 years.
268 BCE – Ashoka came to the throne (four years after Bindusara’s death).
8th year of Ashoka’s reign – Ashoka’s military campaign against Kalinga.
250 BCE – The Third Buddhist Council was convened in Pataliputra by Ashoka.
238 BCE – Ashoka’s rock edict inscribed in Brahmi script (currently in British Museum).
232 BCE – Ashoka seems to have ruled until this year.
185 BCE (185 BCE) – The last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha was killed by Pushyamitra Sunga.
130–150 CE – The rock inscription of Junagadh was carved during the reign of Rudradaman.
4th century CE (after) – The play Mudrarakshasa was written by Visakhadatta during the Gupta period.
19th century – Ashokan edicts were the oldest historical artefacts found in India until the 20th century.
1837 CE – James Prinsep deciphered the Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi.
1865 CE – Surrender of Porus to Alexander engraved in Alonzo shrine.
20th century – Archaeological excavations unearthed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
1915 CE – Decisive identification was made that devananampiya piyadassi was Ashoka.
1940s CE – Sir John Marshall carried out excavations that brought Taxila to light.[but In 1913, he began the excavations at Taxila, which lasted for two decades]
5 years (every) – Ashoka instructed his officials to go on tours to instruct people in dhamma.
50 years – Shishunagas ruled Magadha.
50 years (within) – The Mauryan Empire disintegrated and died out after Ashoka’s death.
100 years (about) – Time gap between Ajatashatru’s demise and Nandas becoming emperors.
100 years (over) – Sunga dynasty ruled India.
300 years earlier (from Nanda period) – King Nanda built an aqueduct as recorded in the Hathigumpha inscription.
4 centuries (more than) – Chandragupta’s name was still well known after his death.

1155 BCE – Paddy husk samples from Sivakalai date back to this year, making Thamirabarani civilisation nearly 3200 years old.
1100-300 BCE – Iron Age from which the Vendar emerged.
Sixth century BCE – High literacy level of Tamil people indicated.
Sixth century BCE – Urbanization occurred in Tamil Nadu too, similar to Gangetic plains.
Sixth century BCE – Tamils had trade relationships with different parts of the world before this time.
580 BCE – Sample collected at Keeladi depth of 353 cm dates back to this year.
580 BCE – One potsherd inscribed with Tamil-Brahmi script dates back to this year.
Third century BCE to the fifth century CE – Early South India social and political formation period.
Third century BCE – Tamil rulers figure in Ashoka’s inscriptions.
270-30 BCE – Ashokan edicts presenting the political condition in south India.
Second century BCE – Mangulam Tamil-Brahmi inscription mentions Pandya king Nedunchezhiyan.
Second century BCE – Arretineware used in Rome.
First century BCE – Satavahanas established a powerful kingdom in the Deccan region.
First century BCE – Satavahanas emerged in the Deccan region.
Late first century BCE and third century CE – Trade played an important role.
First century CE – Greco-Roman texts corroborate the important position of Muvendar.
First century CE – Periplus of Erythrean Sea authored.
First century CE – Pliny the Elder’s Natural History authored. [Pliny the Elder completed Natural History around 77–79 CE and died in 79 CE.]
Second century CE – Ptolemy’s Geography authored.
Third century CE – Satavahana Empire declined.
300 CE and 600 CE – Age of Kalabhras in the history of Tamizhagam.
Middle of the fifth century – Pulangurichi inscriptions in Sivagangai district datable to this period.
Fourth to sixth century CE – Pathinen Kilkanakku and five epics belonging to post-Sangam times.
Third quarters of sixth century CE – Kalabhra kingdom uprooted by Pandyas.
Sixth century onwards – Enlarged state societies emerged under Pallavas and Pandyas.
Eighth century – Velvikkudi copper plates mention Mudukudimi-Peruvazhuthi donating land to Brahmans.
1876 – First archaeological excavation in Adichanallur by German explorer Dr. Jagor.
1899-1905 – British archaeologist Alexander Rea conducted excavation at Adichanallur.
1968 – Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology conducted excavation in Korkai.
2004 – Archaeological Survey of India conducted excavation at Adichanallur.
2018 – Fourth season of excavations at Keeladi from where carbon samples were sent for AMS dating.
2019 – Excavations conducted at Sivakalai by the Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department.
2019-2021 – Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology began excavations in Adichanallur.
2020-2021 – On-going excavation at Korkai yielding details about the Korkai Port.

327–325 BCE – Alexander invaded north–western India and conquered the Punjab region
After 311 BCE – Seleucus Nicator became the master of a vast territory from Phrygia (Turkey) to the river Indus
Around 305 BCE – Chandragupta waged a war against Seleucus and defeated him
3rd Century BCE – The Mauryas knew the Tamil kings; Ashoka’s second rock edict mentions them
3rd Century BCE to 3rd Century CE – The dating period of the corpus of Tamil poetry known as Sangam literature
After 250 BCE – The Seleucid Empire began to weaken and disintegrate
212 BCE – The king of Bactria was a Greek named Euthydemus
200 BCE – Euthydemus’s son Demetrius succeeded him
175 BCE – Demetrius II became the first known Indo–Greek king
165 BCE – Bactria was lost to the Parthians and Sakas
165/145–130 BCE – Reign of Menander, the best known of the Indo–Greek kings
110 BCE – Reign of Antialcidas (Antialkidas)
80 BCE – The first Saka ruler Maues (Moa/Moga) occupied Gandhara
27 BCE – The Roman republic became an empire under Emperor Augustus
End of the 1st Century BCE – Rome emerged as the superpower of the Mediterranean world
1st Century CE – The Satavahana kingdom was established in the Deccan area
1st Century CE – The Gandhara school of art developed
1st Century CE – The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea was written
1st Century CE – Hippalus discovered the pattern of monsoon winds in the Arabian Sea
43 CE – The Parthian Gondophernes conquered Kabul
Second half of the 1st Century CE – The volume of trade between Rome and the Tamil region peaked during Emperor Tiberius’s reign [Correct Fact: Emperor Tiberius reigned from 14–37 CE, which is the first half of the 1st century CE, not the second half.]
78 CE – The beginning of the Saka era in the Indian calendar
78 CE till 101 or 102 CE – The estimated rule period of Kanishka
Between 78 and 144 CE – Historians state Kanishka’s rule could have started anywhere in this period
End of the 1st Century CE – Roman ships began sailing to ports on the Coromandel (east) coast
130–150 CE – Reign of the famous Saka kshatrapa Rudradaman
2nd Century CE – Manusmriti, Kamasutra, and Arthasastra took their final shape
1979 – The Karakoram highway, a joint project between China and Pakistan, was completed

100 years – Time period after the Kushanas when the Huns’ invasion began.
165 CE – Gupta year mentioned in the Eran pillar inscription of Budhagupta.
240 to 280 CE – Reign period of Sri Gupta.
280 to 319 CE – Reign period of Ghatotkacha.
300 to 700 CE – Period when a classical pattern of an imperial rule evolved, and the Gupta kingdom emerged.
319 to 335 CE – Reign period of Chandragupta I.
335 CE – Samudragupta was appointed to succeed Chandragupta I.
335 to 375 CE – Reign period of Samudragupta.
370 to 375 CE – Reign period of Rama Gupta.
375 to 415 CE – Reign period of Chandragupta II.
4 centuries – Time period Saka rulers reigned in western India before their defeat.
400 CE – Kamandaka’s Nitisara, a work on polity addressed to the king, was written.
5th century CE to 1200 CE – Nalanda flourished as a centre of learning.
467 CE – Death of Skanda Gupta, leading to the decline of the Gupta Empire.
Late 5th and early 6th century CE – Period of astronomer and mathematician Aryabhatta.[ Aryabhata lived 476–550 CE. He belongs primarily to the late 5th and early 6th century CE]
6th century CE – Huns occupied Malwa, Gujarat, Punjab, and Gandhara.
6th century CE – Period of Varahamihira.
540 to 550 CE – Reign period of Vishnu Gupta, the last recognised king of the Gupta dynasty.
Late 6th and early 7th century CE – Period of Brahmagupta.
9th century CE – The period until which Nalanda enjoyed liberal cultural growth and prosperity.
1200 CE – Nalanda was ransacked and destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khalji.
1915 – Systematic excavations commenced at Nalanda.

580–605 CE – Reign period of Prabakara Vardhana.
590–625 CE – Believed reign period of Sashanka, the Gauda ruler.
605–606 CE – Reign period of Rajavardhana.
606 CE – Harsha’s accession to the throne.
606–647 CE – Reign period of Harsha.
612 CE – Birth year of Hiuen Tsang in China. [correct fact-Hiuen Tsang was born on April 6, 602 CEin Chenhe Village, China]
630–643 CE – Period Hieun Tsang spent in India.
631 CE – Harsha was a worshipper of Siva at least up to this year.
632 CE – Year of the copper plates recording a gift of land to two Brahmans.
643 CE – The T’ang emperor Tai Tsung sent his first embassy to Harsha’s court; Harsha summoned two Buddhist assemblies.
647 CE – The T’ang emperor sent his second embassy, finding Harsha had recently died.
8th Century – The Monolithic Kailasanath Temple at Ellora was hewn out of rock.
733–746 CE – Reign period of Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya II.
746–753 CE – Reign period of the last Chalukya ruler of Vatapi, Kirthivarman II.
750 CE – A group of chiefs elected Gopala as their ruler; Dandidurga became the master of central/southern Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Berar.
756 CE – Death year of Dandidurga and accession of his uncle Krishna I.
756–775 CE – Reign period of Krishna I.
770–815 CE – Reign period of Dharmapala.
775 CE – Accession year of Govinda II.
780–794 CE – Reign period of Dhruva.
794–814 CE – Reign period of Govinda III.
9th to early 12th Century – Rule period of the Palas in eastern India from Pataliputra.[ The Pala dynasty ruled from the mid-8th century CE (c. 750 CE) to the 12th century CE. Gopala founded the dynasty around 750 CE]
814–878 CE (approx.) – Reign period of Amoghavarsha I.
10th Century CE – The Rashtrakutas continued to rule until this century.
939–968 CE – Reign period of Krishna III.
943 CE – Kanchi and Thanjavur were captured by Krishna III.
949 CE – Battle of Takkolam.
1020–1025 CE – Invasion of northern India by Rajendra Chola.
1130–1150 CE – Reign period of the last Pala ruler, Madanapala.

200 BCE to 200 CE – First phase of the Ajanta caves excavation.
2nd century CE – Sakas and Satavahanas wars (Parthians moved to eastern coast).
200 CE to 400 CE – Second phase of the Ajanta caves excavation.
5th century CE (Around) – Veena was replaced by a lute with a pear-shaped body (Tamil text book states the later half of the 5th century).
500 to 950 CE – Period of Ellora and Ajanta cave temples.
543-566 CE – Reign of Pulikesin I (Founder of Chalukya dynasty).
566-597 CE – Reign of Kirtivarman / Kirtivarman I.
590-630 CE – Reign of Mahendravarman I.
597-609 CE – Reign of Mangalesa / Mangalesan.
6th to 9th century CE – Period of South Indian cultural development and Bhakti movement.
6th to 9th century CE – Kerala region ruled by Chera Perumals.
609-642 CE – Reign of Pulikesin II.
630-668 CE – Reign of Narasimha Varman I / Narasimhavarman I.
634 CE – Aihole merchants’ guild headquarters established and Lad Khan temple built.
634-635 AD (CE) – Aihole Sanskrit inscription of Pulikesin II (Saka era)
670-695 CE – Reign of Paramesvaravarman I.
7th century CE – Badami inscription mentioning Kannada as local prakrit and Sanskrit as the language of culture.
7th century CE (Two centuries after 5th century) – Lute took its modern form with a small gourd body and long finger-board.
700-728 CE – Reign of Rajasimha (Construction of Shore Temple).
753 CE – 22nd year of King Nandivarman (Urrukkattukottam copper plates grant).
Mid-8th century CE – Badami Chalukyas overpowered by Rashtrakutas.
8th century CE – Mathas (mutts) became popular.
788-820 CE – Period of Adi Sankara.
Early 9th century CE – History of Chera Perumals becomes known.
Early 9th century CE – Rashtrakuta king Govind III invaded Kanchi.
9th century CE – Periyalvar lived during Pandyan king Srimara Srivallabha’s reign.
End of 9th century CE – Nadamuni compiled Nalayira Divviyaprabandham.
9th and 10th century CE – Writings of Arab travellers (Sulaiman, Al-Masudi, Ibn Hauka).
End of 10th century CE – Nambi Andar Nambi compiled Saiva hymns into eleven books.
1017-1138 CE – Period of Sri Ramanujar.
12th century CE onwards – Vaishnava hymns became subject of elaborate commentaries.
Century after Ramanuja’s death – Schism developed into two schools under Vedanta Desikar and Manavala Mamuni.
1879 CE – Eleven copper plates discovered in Urrukkattukottam.
1983 CE – Ellora caves designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

712 – Arab military expedition
9th century – Arabic original of Chachnama was written
963 – Alaptigin seized the city of Ghazni
997 – Sabuktagin died
10th century (Beginning) – Gurjar Prathihara and Rashtrakutas lost power
11th century – Madrasa became widely established in Central Asia and Iran
1025 – Mahmud’s invasion and plunder of the temple city of Somnath
1029 – Mahmud’s plunder of the Iranian city of Ray
12th century – Mongols established a large kingdom under Chengiz Khan [Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206 CE, which is the 13th century]
1175 – Muhammad Ghori seized Multan
1179 – Chalukyas of Gujarat defeated Muhammad Ghori at Mt. Abu
1180s and 1190s – Muhammad Ghori established garrisons in Punjab, Sind, and Haryana
1186 – Ghuri prince Muizz-ud-din Muhammad invaded Punjab and seized Lahore
1191 – First Battle of Tarain
1192 – Khurav Shah was murdered and the Ghaznavid house came to an end
1192 – Second Battle of Tarain
13th century (early) – Delhi Sultans began gold and silver mintage alongside copper
13th century – Persian translation of Chachnama was written; Virashaiva sect founded
13th and 14th centuries – Suhrawardi and Chisti orders emerged; Slavery grew substantially
1206-1526 – Period of the Sultanate in India
1206-1526 CE – Period of the Sultanate in India (13th to 16th centuries)
1206-1210 – Qutb-ud-din Aibak reigned
1206-1228 – Reign period of Sultan Nasir-ud-din Qubacha of Uchch and Multan
1206-1290 – Slave Dynasty (Mamluk Dynasty)
1207-1273 – Jalal-ud-din Rumi lived
1210 – Qutb-ud-din Aibak died in Lahore in an accident
1211-1236 (Also noted as 1210-36) – Shams-ud-din Iltutmish reigned
1236-1240 – Raziya Sultana reigned
1240 – Ibn al-Arabi died
1246-1266 – Sultan Nasir al-Din Mahmud II reigned
1254 – Ulugh Khan seized Delhi
1258 – Baghdad fell before Mongols
1259 – Halagu Khan sent a goodwill mission to Delhi
1260 – Minhaj us Siraj wrote Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
1266 – Ulugh Khan seized the throne as Sultan Ghiyas ud-din Balban
1266-1287 – Balban reigned
1276 – Palam Baoli classical Sanskrit inscription in Delhi
1286 – Balban died
1290-1296 – Jalal-ud-din Khalji reigned
1290-1320 – Khalji Dynasty
1292 – Jalal-ud-din Khalji halted the Mongol entry into India
1296, 1307, 1314 – Ala-ud-din campaigned into Devagiri
1296-1316 – Ala-ud-din Khalji reigned
1298 – Mongols stormed Delhi (second year of Ala-ud-din’s rule)
1299-1300 – Ala-ud-din campaigned into Gujarat
1301 – Ala-ud-din campaigned into Ranthambhor
1303 – Ala-ud-din campaigned into Chittor
1305 – Mongols ravaged the doab region and Ala-ud-din campaigned into Malwa
1307 – Malik Kafur sent to capture Devagiri fort
1307-1308 – Last major Mongol incursion took place
1307-1322 – Conversations of Shaik Nizamuddin offered classical exposition of Sufism
1309 – Prataparudradeva of Warangal was defeated
1310 – Hoysala ruler Vira Ballala III surrendered to Delhi forces
1311 – Malik Kafur returned to Delhi with enormous booty
14th century – Delhi and Daulatabad emerged as great cities of the world
14th century – Spinning wheel came to India through Iran
1320 – Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq ascended the throne
1320-1325 – Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq reigned
1325 – Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq died and Jauna Khan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq) ascended
1325-1351 – Muhammad Bin Tughlaq reigned
1332-1334 – Agrarian uprising in the Doab region
1351 – Muhammad Tughlaq died at the end of his 26th regnal year
1351-1388 – Firuz Shah Tughlaq reigned
1357 – Ziauddin Barani wrote Tarikh-i-FirozShahi
1362 – Major military campaign of Firuz against Sind
1388 – Firuz Tughlaq died
1394-1412 – Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Shah reigned
15th century (early) – Ashraf Jahangir Simnani’s endeavours in India
15th century – Sericulture centre was established in Bengal
1412 – Nasir-ud-din managed to rule up to this year
1414-1421 – Khizr Khan reigned
1414-1451 – Sayyid Dynasty
1320-1451 – Tughlaq Dynasty
1414-1492 – Abdur Rahman Jami lived
1451-1489 – Bahlul Lodi reigned
1451-1526 – Lodi Dynasty
1489-1517 – Sikander Lodi reigned
1504 – Sikander Lodi shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra
16th century – Jizya was abolished by Mughal ruler Akbar
1516-1517 – Conquest of Ottomans in Egypt
1526 – First Battle of Panipat
17th century – Jizya was re-introduced by Aurangzeb
1920s – Turkish Republic esstablished by Mushtafa Kemal Attaturk

3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE – History of the Pandyas of the Sangam period.
6th century CE (End of) – Pandyas established their supremacy in South Tamil Nadu.
600-920 CE – Period of Pandya Revival.
624-674 CE – Reign of early Pandya king Arikesari Maravarman.
642 CE – Arikesari Maravarman ascended the throne according to a Vaigai river bed inscription.
7th century CE – Arab settlements were established on the west coast of southern India.
7th or 8th century CE (Late) – The term ‘Sangam’ occurs in the text Iraiyanar Akapporul.
7th to 9th century CE – Copper plates form the source of definite knowledge of the Pandyas.
700-730 CE – Reign of Kochadayan Ranadhira.
700 to 1300 CE – Sri Vijaya kingdom flourished as a prominent maritime and commercial state in South-east Asia.
730-765 CE – Reign of Maravarman Rajasimha I.
765-815 CE – Reign of Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayn (Varaguna I).
800 CE – Inscription from Manur (Tirunelveli district) provides an account of village administration.
800 CE – Anaimalai rock-cut cave temple with Jain sculptures .
815-862 CE – Reign of Srimara Srivallabha.
846-869 CE – Reign of Pallava king Nandivarman III.
850 CE – Vijayalaya established the Chola kingdom.
850-871 CE – Reign of Vijayalaya Chola.
885-903 CE – Reign of Aparajita Pallava.
9th century CE – No records about Cholas were available until this period after the Sangam age.
9th century CE – Inscription from Sittannavasal cave temple states it was authored by Ilam Kautamar.
907-955 CE / 907-953 CE – Reign of Parantaka I (Both sets of dates appear in the texts).
919 and 921 CE – Uttaramerur inscriptions giving details of local elections.
920 CE – Parantaka I defeated Pandya king Rajasimha II who fled the country.
970-985 CE – Reign of Uttama Chola.
985-1014 CE – Reign of Rajaraja I.
11th century CE – Cholas extended their territory to Tondainadu, Pandinadu, Gangaivadi, and Malaimandalam.
1001 CE – Rajaraja I appointed people for land survey.
1003 CE – Rajaraja I’s successful invasion of the Western Chalukya Empire.
1009 CE – Rajendra I’s successful invasion of the Western Chalukya Empire.
1014-1044 CE – Reign of Rajendra I.
1023 CE – Rajendra I’s military expedition to northern India up to the Godavari river.
1048 CE – Vedic college established at Tirubuvani near Puducherry.
1067 CE – Vedic college established at Thirumukudal in Chengalpattu district.
1070-1120 CE – Reign of Kulotunga I.
1086 CE – Kulotunga I appointed people for land survey.
12th century CE – Monasteries came up and were attached to temples to promote education.
12th century CE (Last quarter) – Vacuum in Chola state and Chola viceroyalty became weak.
1146-1172 CE – Reign of Rajaraja II.
1163-1216 CE – Reign of Kulothunga III.
1190 CE – Sadayavarman Srivallabhan started ruling the Pandya territory at the behest of Kulotunga I. (Kulotunga I ruled from 1070–1120 CE)
1190-1310 CE – Period of the rise of Pandyas again.
1212 CE (Around) – An official constructed a canal leading from river Pennai to the lands of Tiruvannamalai temple.
13th century CE – Pandya kingdom became the leading Tamil dynasty.
13th and 14th centuries CE – Horse trade was brisk.
1251-1268 CE – Reign of Sadaiyavarman (Jatavarman) Sundarapandyan.
1253-1256 CE – Record of Vira Pandyan stating he took Eelam, Kongu, and Cholamandalam.
1264 CE – Pandyan ruler Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I sacked the Chola capital Gangaikonda Chozhapuram.
1268-1312 CE – Reign of Maravarman Kulasekharan.
1279 CE – End of the Chola dynasty; King Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I defeated Rajendra Chola III.
1288 CE – Marco Polo’s first visit to Kayal.
1293 CE – Marco Polo’s second visit to Kayal.
14th century CE – Pandyas wielded tremendous power.
1302 CE – Accession of the elder son, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, as co-regent.
1311 CE – Malik Kafur arrived in Madurai and looted the city.
1314-1315 CE – Inscriptions of Vira Chola Sambavarayan.
1322-1323 CE – Reign/Title period of Sakalaloka Chakravartin Venru Mankonda Sambuvarayan.
1335 CE – Muslim Governor of Madurai Jalaluddin Asan Shah declared himself independent.
1337-1338 CE – Reign/Title period of Sakalaloka Chakravartin Rajanarayan Sambuvarayan.

14th Century (Beginning) – The Deccan and South India were divided into four kingdoms; Delhi Sultanate prepared to extend southwards
14th Century (First three decades) – The three big states of the 13th century were destroyed by Delhi Sultanate expeditions
14th Century (Onwards) – The economy became more commercial
1304 – First expedition of Malik Kafur
1310 – Second expedition of Malik Kafur
1325-1351 – Reign period of Muhammad Tughluq
1333 – Madurai became an independent Sultanate [The Madurai Sultanate was established in 1335 CE, when Jalal-ud-Din Ahsan Shah declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate]
1333-1345 – Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta visited South India
1336 – Vijayanagar kingdom was established by Harihara and Bukka
1345 – Zafar Khan declared independence at Devagiri
1346 – Harihara celebrated his coronation at Vijayanagara
1347 – Bahmani Sultanate came up / Bahmani dynasty was founded
1347-1527 – Period of the Bahmani dynasty
1347-1358 – Reign period of Alaudin Hasan Bahman Shah
1358-1375 – Reign period of Mohammed I
1363 – Mohammed I attacked Warangal and captured the Golkonda fortress
1367 – Great mosque at Gulbarga was completed
1370 (About) – Prince Kampana slew the Madurai Sultan and brought the Sultanate to an end
14th Century (Late) – Vidyaranya lived nearly sixty years after the foundation of Vijayanagar
1400 (By) – Five rajyas existed in the Tamil area under Vijayanagar
1422-1446 – Reign period of Devaraya II
1425 – Warangal was subdued by the Bahmani kingdom
1429 – Bahmani capital was shifted from Gulbarga to Bidar
1430 – A tax revolt took place in the central parts of Tamil Nadu
1443-1445 – Persian traveller Abdur Razzak visited South India
1460-1465 – The Gajapati army attacked coastal Andhra up to Tiruchirappalli many times
1463-1482 – Reign period of Mohammad III
1470-1474 – Russian traveller Nikitin visited South India
1485 (Around) – Saluva Narasimha usurped the throne and started the Saluva dynasty
1485-1505 – Period of the Saluva dynasty
1491 – Saluva Narasimha died
1495-1496 – Golkonda fort was handed over to Sultan Kali Kutub Khan as a Jagir
1500 (Around) – Pandya country including Madurai became part of the Vijayanagar kingdom; regular Nayankaramu revenue assignment was clearly established
1505 (About) – Viranarasimha started the Tuluva dynasty
1505-1570 – Period of the Tuluva dynasty
1509-1529 – Reign period of Krishnadevaraya
1520-1537 – Portuguese visitors Domingo Paes and Nuniz visited South India
1542 – Achyutadevaraya died
1542-1570 – Reign period of Sadasivaraya
1565 (January) – Battle of Talikota (Rakshasi-Tangadi) [Tamil book explicitly specifies January 23, 1565; English book specifies January 1565]
1570 – Tirumala declared himself king and started the Aravidu dynasty
1570-1650 – Period of the Aravidu dynasty
1601 – Bitter fighting near Uttaramerur between Yachama Nayak and Vellur Nayak
17th Century (Early) – Kingdom of Ramnad was inaugurated by Muthu Krishnappa
17th Century – Golkonda became famous as a diamond market; Century of bigger Nayak kingdoms
1630 (Up to) – Tirumala’s sons and grandsons ruled the truncated kingdom
1670 (Until) – Fugitive Vijayanagar kings ruled without a permanent capital
1687 – Aurangzeb laid siege to Golkonda fort for about eight months

Mid-first millennium BCE – Emergence of Buddhism and Jainism in the Indo-Gangetic valley.
Mid-first millennium CE – A great religious tradition flourished in the form of a devotional or bhakti movement in the southern country.
7th century – The Bhakti movement flourished in the Tamil country.
7th to 10th century – South India became the home of religious renaissance.
640-670 CE – Reign of Maravarman Arikesari (Koon Pandyan).
11th century – The Bhakti movement turned into a philosophical and ideological movement with theologians like Ramanuja. Buddhism and Jainism were effectively defeated.
12th century – Sufism had become an influential aspect of Islamic social life.
14th century – The bhakti cult became widespread in the whole of India. By the end of this century, Islam had spread to large parts of India.
1400-1470 – Lifetime of Ramananda. (Tamilbook states 1400-1476).
15th century – An extraordinary outburst of devotional poetry occurred in North India.
15th to 16th century – Ravidas lived as a poet-saint of the bhakti movement.
1469–1539 – Lifetime of Guru Nanak.
1485–1533 – Lifetime of Chaitanya.
1498-1546 – Lifetime of Mirabai.
1608 – Birth year of Tuka Ram in a village near Poona, Maharashtra.

9th century CE – Gun powder was invented by the Chinese
13th Century CE – Gun powder found its way to Europe.
Mid-14th Century – Gun powder began to be used in guns and cannons.
1480-1686 – Bijapur was the capital of the Adil Shahi dynasty.
16th Century – The population of India is estimated to have been around 15 crores; Pineapple was introduced; Regarded as the century of Vaishnavism.
1510 – Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur.
1519-1524 – Babur invaded Bhera, Sialkot, and Lahore.
21 April 1526 – The First Battle of Panipat took place.
1526 – Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal empire.
1526-1530 – The reign of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur.
1526-1857 – The Mughal empire lasted in India.
1527 – The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and Rana Sanga.
1528 – The Battle of Chanderi was fought against Medini Rai.
1529 – The Battle of Ghagra was fought between Babur and the Afghans.
1530 – Babur died on his way from Agra to Lahore.[ Babur died at Agra on 26 December 1530. His body was later taken to Kabul and buried there according to his wishes]
1530-1540 & 1555-1556 – The reign of Humayun.
1532 – Humayun defeated the Afghans at Daurah.
1539 – The Battle of Chausa was won by Sher Khan.
1540 – The Battle of Kanauj where Humayun was completely routed.
1542 – Akbar (Jalaluddin) was born.
1545 – Sher Shah Suri died due to a gunshot/bomb blast.
1553 – Islam Shah ruled until this year.
1555 – Humayun regained power in Delhi and Agra.
1556 – The Second Battle of Panipat took place in November.
1556-1605 – The reign of Emperor Akbar.
1562 – Malwa was conquered from Baz Bahadur.
1564 – Gondwana region was annexed after a battle with Rani Durgavati.
1573 – Akbar conquered Gujarat from Muzaffar Shah.
1575 – Akbar established the Ibadat Khana.
1576 – Bihar and Bengal were annexed; The Battle of Haldighati was fought.
1581 – Chandra Sen of Marwar died.
1582 – Akbar discontinued the debates in the Ibadat Khana.
1586 – Akbar conquered Kashmir.
1591 – Akbar conquered Sindh; Mughal forces occupied the Khandesh region.
1595 – Kandahar was conquered by Akbar from the Persians.
1596 – Berar was acquired from Chand Bibi.
1597 – Rana Pratap Singh of Mewar died.
1600 – Parts of Ahmed Nagar fell into the hands of Mughal forces.
17th Century – Tobacco and maize were introduced; India was unable to make cast iron; Kumaraguruparar visited Varanasi.
September 1604 – Akbar fell sick.
1605 – The Dutch set up a factory at Masulipatam.
27 October 1605 – Akbar died.
1605-1627 – The reign of Jahangir.
1608 – Ahmad Nagar declared independence under Malik Ambar.
1610 – The Dutch set up a factory at Pulicat.
1612 – The English built a factory in Surat
1612 – Mumtaz Mahal married Shah Jahan.[ Shah Jahan (Prince Khurram) married Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu Begum) in 1612 CE. However, she received the title “Mumtaz Mahal” only after the marriage.]
1616 – The Dutch set up a factory at Surat.
1620 – Denmark established a trade settlement at Tranquebar.
1622 – Kandahar was retaken by the Persian King Shah Abbas.
14 May 1626 – Malik Ambar died.
1627 – Jahangir died.
1627-1656 – Mohammad Adil Shah ruled Bijapur. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1627-1658 – The reign of Shah Jahan.
1631 – Mumtaz Mahal died in childbirth.
1632 – Building of the Taj Mahal commenced.
1636 – Shah Jahan subdued the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmad Nagar.
1638 – Shah Jahan annexed Kandahar.
1638-39 – The Taj Mahal mausoleum was completed.
1639 – The English secured Madras.
1641 – The Dutch set up a factory at Bimilipatam; Asaf Khan died.
1643 – The adjunct buildings of the Taj Mahal were finished.
1645 – The Dutch set up a factory at Karaikal.
December 1645 – Nur Jahan lived until this time.
1647 – Decoration work on the Taj Mahal continued until at least this year.
1648 – The revolt of the Netherlands against Spanish rule ended.
1653 – The Dutch set up a factory at Chinsura.
1658 – Aurangzeb ascended the throne; The Dutch set up factories at Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, and Nagapattinam.
1658-1707 – The reign of Aurangzeb.
1663 – The Dutch set up a factory at Cochin.
January 1666 – Shah Jahan died as a royal prisoner.
1668 – The French set up a factory at Surat; The English secured Bombay.
1669 – The French set up a factory at Masulipatnam; The Jat rebellion erupted.
1673 – The French acquired Pondicherry.
1680 – Shivaji died; Rana Raj Singh of Mewar died.
1681 – Aurangzeb went to the Deccan; Rana Jai Singh of Mewar signed a peace treaty.
1682 – Aurangzeb came to the Deccan and remained there.
1685 – Aurangzeb sent Azam Shah to capture Bijapur.
1687 – Golkonda was captured.
1689 – Sambhaji was captured and executed.
1690 – The French set up a factory at Chandernagore; The English secured Calcutta.
18th Century – The population of India is estimated to have been around 20 crores.
1706 – The first Lutheran missionaries arrived at Tranquebar.
1707 – Aurangzeb died at Ahmad Nagar.
1714 – Ziegenbalg translated the New Testament of the Bible into Tamil.
1725 – The French acquired Mahe and Yanam.
1739 – The French acquired Karaikal.
1857 – Power passed to the British crown after the great revolt.

1509–1529 – Reign of Krishna Devaraya, during which the Nayankara system was developed.
1548–1626 – Life period of Malik Ambar, Abyssinian minister of Ahmed Shah.
1627–1680 – Life period of Shivaji.
1646 – Shivaji captured the fortress of Torna from the Sultan of Bijapur.
1647 – Dadaji Kondadev died, and Shivaji took over all the jagirs of his father.
1649 – The Sultan of Bijapur released Shahji on some conditions.
1649–1655 – Shivaji refrained from military activities and consolidated his power.
1656 – Shivaji re–started military activities and captured Javli.
1656 November – Mohammad Adilshah of Bijapur died.
1657 – Aurangzeb captured Bidar, Kalyani, and Purandar.
1658 July – Aurangzeb ascended the throne as Emperor.
1659 – Confrontation between Shivaji and Afzal Khan.
1660 – Shaista Khan was appointed the Governor of the Deccan.
1663 December – Aurangzeb was forced to recall Shaista Khan from the Deccan.
1664 – Shivaji attacked and plundered Surat.
1665 June – Purandar was besieged.
1665 June 11 – Treaty of Purandar was signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh.
1666 – Shivaji resumed his belligerent policy and led new conquests.
1666 May – Shivaji and Sambhaji reached Agra.
1670 – Shivaji recovered forts and sacked Surat again.
1670s – Marathas posed a strong challenge to Mughal power under Shivaji’s leadership.
1672 – Marathas imposed chauth on Surat.
1673 – Nayak rule of Thanjavur eclipsed.
1674 – Maratha rule started in Thanjavur / Nayak rule ended.
1674 June 6 – Shivaji was crowned at Raigarh.
1676 – Shivaji began his career of conquests in the south / Venkoji crowned himself king in Thanjavur.
1677 – Shivaji invaded the Carnatic.
1680 – Shivaji died at the age of 53.
1686 – Bijapur was annexed by Aurangzeb.
1687 – Golkonda was annexed by Aurangzeb.
1689 – Mughal forces captured Sambhaji and killed him.
1700 – Rajaram died / Swarup Singh was employed as Kiladar of Senji.
1707 – Aurangzeb died / German missionaries had run free schools since this year.
1708 – Shahu ascended the Maratha throne.
1712–1728 – Serfoji I ruled for sixteen years.
1713 – Balaji Viswanath was appointed as the Peshwa.
1713–1818 – Period covering the Rule of the Peshwas.
1714 – Raja Bai and Sambhaji II imprisoned Tara Bai and her son / Swarup Singh died and Tej Singh assumed governorship of Senji.
1714–1818 – Period covering the Maratha Administration under Peshwas.
1720–1740 – Rule of Peshwa Baji Rao I.
1731 – Battle of Dabhai
1731 – Treaty of Warna was signed.
1738 – Thana, Salsette, and Bassein were captured from the Portuguese.
1739 – Nadir Shah’s invasions started / Maratha ruler of Thanjavur appealed to Shahu for help.
1739–1763 – Rule of Pratap Singh in Thanjavur.
1740 – Raghoji Bhonsle defeated and killed Nawab Dost Ali.
1740–1761 – Rule of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao.
1741–1748 – Marathas brought Rajputana under domination after six expeditions.
1743 – Mohammed Ali recaptured Arcot and Tiruchirappalli.
1747 – Nadir Shah was assassinated.
1748 – Nizam Asaf Jah died.
1749 – Shahu died.
Mid–18th Century – Marathas succeeded in displacing Mughal power in central India.
1751 – Nawab of Bengal had to cede Orissa to Marathas.
1752 – Marathas entered Delhi to drive out Afghans and Rohillas.
1757 – Battle of Plassey / Abdali pillaged Delhi in January.
1758 – Marathas captured Sirhind and Lahore.
1759 October – Abdali returned to India and recovered the Punjab.
1760 – Battle of Udgir / Abdali defeated and killed Dattaji Scindia / All private mints were closed.
1761 – Tara Bai died / Third Battle of Panipat / Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died in June.
1761–1772 – Rule of Peshwa Madhav Rao I.
1763 – A fierce battle was fought with the Nizam of Hyderabad.
1765–1767 – Madhav Rao’s expeditions against Haider Ali.
1771 – Marathas brought Shah Alam II back to Delhi.
1772 – Madhav Rao regained territories from Haider Ali / Madhav Rao died / Narayan Rao became Peshwa.
1773 – Narayan Rao was murdered (the next year after becoming Peshwa).
1775–1782 – First Anglo–Maratha War.
1777 – Rama Raja died.
1782 – Treaty of Salbai was signed.
1787 – Thuljaji ruled up to this year /
1787 – Serfoji II was crowned.[ Serfoji II became the Rajah of Thanjavur on 30th June 1798.]
1802 – Treaty of Bassein was signed.
1803 – Serfoji established the first modern public school for non–Christian natives / Muktambal Chattiram almshouse established.
1803–1806 – Second Anglo–Maratha War.
1808 – Shahu II died.
1812 – C.S. John submitted a project proposal for free schools.
1817 – British forced the Peshwa to sign a new treaty at Poona.
1817–1818 – Third Anglo–Maratha War.
1818 – Baji Rao surrendered to Elphinstone.
1820s – Thomas Munro proposed a scheme for elementary public schools.
1822 – 464 students were taught in Muktambal Chattiram.
1823 – Report produced for Munro’s census of education.
1832 March 7 – Serfoji II died.
1839 – Pratap Singh was deposed by the British / Shahji II was made king.
1841 – Company government established a modern school for natives in Madras.
1847 – Pratap Singh died as a prisoner.
1848 – Shahji II died.
1851 – Baji Rao II died.

End of 15th Century – Vasco da Gama discovered the direct sea route to India from Europe around the Cape of Good Hope.
1498 (August 29) – Vasco da Gama journeyed back from Calicut with surviving men and ships.
1502 – The Portuguese established control over Pulicat.
1502 (October 29) – Vasco da Gama visited Calicut for the second time.
1509 to 1515 – Albuquerque was the Portuguese Governor/Viceroy in India.
1510 – Albuquerque defeated Yusuf Adil Khan of Bijapur and captured Goa.
1515 – Albuquerque took control of Ormuz.
1527 – The French attempted to establish a trade link with India.
1530s – Clashes occurred between the Portuguese and Muslim groups on the pearl fishery coast.
1534 – Nino da Cunha occupied Bassein.
1537 – Nino da Cunha occupied Diu.
1542 – St. Francis Xavier arrived in Goa.
Middle of 16th Century – Portuguese control over Ceylon increased with the completion of a fort in Colombo.
1559 – The port of Daman was wrested from the hands of Imad-ul Mulk.
1565 – The Vijayanagar empire was defeated in the Battle of Talikota.
1571 – Mughal ruler Akbar visited Cambay and established first contacts with the Portuguese during the period of De Noronha.
1573 – Akbar conquered Gujarat.
1580 – Philip II of Spain defeated Portugal and annexed it.
1590 to 1649 – The Tamil region witnessed several military conflicts due to unsettled political conditions.
1595 – The first Dutch expedition to South East Asia was led by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten.
1600 to 1650 – The Mughal empire was at the peak of its power.
1602 – The Dutch East India Company was created. / French traders arrived in Madagascar.
1605 – The Dutch established control of Masulipatnam.
1610 – The Dutch established their settlement at Pulicat.
1611 – King James I obtained permission for regular trade from Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
1616 (March 17) – The King of Denmark, Christian IV, issued a charter and created the Danish East India Company.
1618 – Admiral Ove Gjedde led the first Danish expedition to Ceylon.
1620 (November 20) – Agreement signed where the Danes received the village of Tarangambadi and the right to construct a Fort.
1621 (June) to 1665 (November) – 26,885 slaves were transported in VOC ships within and from the Bay of Bengal.
1623 – The Amboyna Massacre took place in Indonesia.
1639 – Madras was ceded to the East India Company by the Raja of Chandragiri; Fort St. George was built.
1641 – The Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese.
1645 – The ruler of Golkonda overran the territories under the Company’s control in Madras.
1646 – Golkonda invaded the Coromandel and annexed the area between Pulicat and San Thome. / 2118 slaves were drawn mostly from coastal places in Tamil Nadu.
1648 – King Christian IV died, and his son Frederick abolished the Danish East India Company.
1650 to 1700 – Transition period marking the ambitious southward expansion of the Mughal Empire and its subsequent decline.
1652 – Madras became a presidency.
1655 – Madras’s position as a presidency was nullified.
1658 – The Dutch forced the Portuguese to part with Ceylon.
1664 – Shivaji attacked Surat. / The French East India Company was established.
1666 (September 4) – Berber obtained a firman from Aurangzeb.
1668 – The English acquired the islands of Bombay. / The first French factory was established at Surat.
1670 – Shivaji’s second raid devastated Surat.
1672 – France and Holland were continuously at war; the French removed the Dutch from San Thome in Mylapore.
1673 – Pondicherry was offered to the French when it was a small fishing village.
1674 – The French abandoned Madagascar, excepting a small coastal trading post.
1678 to 1750 – Famine occurred at least ten times in the Madras region.
1680 – The trading rights for the British in Bengal were obtained.
1680s – The kingdoms of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, and Golkonda were conquered by Aurangzeb.
1683 – A Charter empowered the British Company to raise military forces and declare war or make peace.
1684 – Madras was re-elevated to the status of a presidency.
1687 – The English set up their headquarters in Bombay. / Aurangzeb conquered Golkonda.
1688 – Madras had a municipal government with a Mayor.
1690 – Peace was restored and the English Company established its first settlement at Sutanuti.
1693 – The Dutch captured Pondicherry. / The Company obtained another grant of three villages surrounding Madras.
1696 – A second Danish East India Company was started. / The factory at Sutanuti was fortified.
1697 – According to the Treaty of Ryswick, Pondicherry was restored to the French.
1698 – The Company secured zamindari rights over Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Gobindpur. / Sir William Norris met Aurangzeb.
1699 – Pondicherry was handed over to the French.
1700 – Indian merchants were not at a disadvantage in their dealings with the Europeans till about this year.
1700 to 1750 – Emergence of Mughal successor states; local merchants sought protection under the Dutch or English.
1702 – Five more villages were granted to the English in Madras.
1706 – Francis Martin died.
1706 (June 9) – Two Danish Missionaries arrived.
1707 – Aurangzeb died.
1707 to 1708 – Ziegenbalg spent four months in prison.
1709 to 1761 – Life period of Anandarangam Pillai.
1714 to 1717 – A mission under Surman obtained a firman from Mughal Emperor Farukhsiyar.
1715 – Ziegenbalg translated the New Testament into Tamil.
1718 – The church building constructed by Ziegenbalg and his associates was built.
1719 (February 23) – Ziegenbalg died.
1725 – The French secured Mahe.
1725 (September 29) – Robert Clive was born.
1736 to 1760 – The period covered by Anandarangam Pillai’s diary.
1739 – The French secured Karaikal.
1740 – Austrian ruler Charles VI died.
1746 – Anandarangam Pillai was appointed Chief Dubhashi and Chief Commercial Agent.
1746 (July 6) – Peyton’s English squadron suffered reverses against La Bourdonnais.
1746 (September 15) – The French captured Madras.
1746 (September 21) – The English were forced to part with Madras.
1746 to 1748 – First Carnatic War.
1748 – Treaty of Aix La Chapelle signed. / Asaf Jah died.
1749 – Battle of Ambur fought.
1749 to 1754 – Second Carnatic War.
1750 (December) – Muzaffar Jung was made the Nizam of Hyderabad.
1752 (August 26) – Clive moved from Fort St. David to attack Arcot.
1752 (August 31) – Clive seized Arcot.
1755 – Treaty of Pondicherry signed. / The Danish settled in Andaman and Nicobar.
1755 to 1760 – Robert Clive’s first governorship in India.
1756 – Outbreak of the Seven Years War in Europe.
1756 to 1763 – Third Carnatic War / Seven Years War.
1757 – Battle of Plassey fought.
1758 – The French lost Rajahmundry.
1758 (December 12) – The siege of Madras by the French began.
1759 – The French lost Masulipatam.
1759 (February) – The French could not progress with the siege of Madras and lifted it.
1760 (January) – Battle of Wandiwash fought.
1761 (February 4) – Pondicherry fell to the British. / British took control of Mahe.
1763 – Treaty of Paris signed.
1764 – Battle of Buxar fought.
1764 to 1767 – Robert Clive’s second governorship in India.
1765 – Treaty of Allahabad signed.
1770 – Fort William became the headquarters of the Presidency.
1813 – Denmark and Norway were together until this year.
1839 – Serampore was sold to the British.
1845 – Tranquebar and other Danish settlements were sold to the British.
1848 – The Danes abandoned Andaman and Nicobar due to the threat of malaria.

1600 – Queen Elizabeth’s Charter was issued, starting the East India Company.
1757 – Battle of Plassey (Palashi) occurred, leading to the system of dual government.
1770 – A terrible famine broke out in Bengal, perishing one–third of the population.
1772 – Until this year, the administrative head of the East India Company was the Governor (of Fort William or Fort St. George).
1773 – Regulating Act was passed, elevating Warren Hastings to Governor–General of Bengal.
1780 – Thomas Munro arrived in Madras.
1784 – Pitt India Act separated civil and military establishments in India.
1791 – Cornwallis established a Sanskrit college in Benares.
1792 to 1799 – Thomas Munro worked in the Baramahal (Salem district).
1793 – Permanent Settlement was made by Cornwallis with the zamindars of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
1798 to 1805 – Period of Governor–General Wellesley, who pursued a forward policy of Subsidiary Alliance.
1799 – Press censorship was instituted; Thomas Munro completed work in Baramahal and began in Kanara.
1800 – College of Fort William was founded at Calcutta by Wellesley; Thomas Munro completed work in Kanara.
1800 to 1825 – Only four famines occurred during this period.
1806 – East India College was established in England.
1811 to 1818 – Period of the prolonged Pindari War.
1812 – College of Fort St George was set up in Madras by F.W. Ellis.
1813 – Company Charter was renewed forcing a regular educational policy; Hastings (Moira) became Governor–General.
1814 – Court of Directors decided to introduce the Ryotwari system.
1815 – Governor of Madras received a communication from the Governor of Ceylon asking for coolies for coffee plantations.
1817 – Hindu College was established at Calcutta, patronized by Hastings.
1818 – Bengali Weekly, the Samachar Darpan, was started; Pindari War ended.
1820 – Thomas Munro became Governor of Madras Presidency.
1822 – Thomas Munro officially enforced the Ryotwari System in Madras.
1823 – Abbe Dubois (French Catholic missionary) returned to Europe.
1827 – Thomas Munro died of Cholera at Pattikonda (Karnool district) in July.
1828 – 150 indenture labourers were first taken from Thanjavur to British coffee plantations in Ceylon.
1829 – Sati Abolition Act was enacted by William Bentinck.
1830 – Jumna canal was completed; a rebellion provoked by financial mismanagement broke out in Mysore.
1830s – Large scale emigration of ruined peasants and weavers to British Empire plantations started; recruitment with criminal laws prohibiting desertion began.
1831 to 1837 – More than three thousand Thugs were convicted under William Sleeman’s operation.
1833 – Charter Act passed designating the Governor–General of India; Mahalwari system was introduced; severe famine occurred in Guntur district causing out–migration to Ceylon.
1835 – Calcutta Medical College was founded by Bentinck in March; Macaulay came to India as a law member and Board of Education President.
1836 – Dam across the Kollidam (Coleroon) was built by Arthur Cotton.
1837 – India’s loan to England reached 130 million pounds.
1839 – Statue of Thomas Munro was erected at Madras by public subscription.
1840 – Charles Travelyan made an observation about the depopulation of Dacca to a Select Committee of the House of Commons.
1843 – Slavery was abolished in India by the Company; new limiting terms imposed on Gwalior after Battle of Maharajpur; severe famine forced migration to Ceylon.
1843 to 1853 – James Thomason served as Lieutenant Governor of the North–Western Provinces.
1843 to 1868 – Nearly 1.5 million people went from Madras to Ceylon as indentured labourers.
1844 – Students of Calcutta Medical College were sent to London to complete their studies.
1845 – Grant Medical College was founded in Bombay.
1847 – Thomason Engineering College at Roorkee (now IIT Roorkee) came into existence.
1848 – Shahji (Appa Saheb) of Satara died, and Satara fell under the Doctrine of Lapse.
1849 – A school for girls was founded in Calcutta.
1851 – The last Peshwa died after being a Company pensioner for 33 years.
1853 – Charter of 1853 was issued (last before Crown takeover); railway line from Bombay to Thane opened; dam across Krishna river begun; Gangadhar Rao of Jhansi and Raghuji Bhonsle III of Nagpur died, leading to annexations.
1854 – Educational Dispatch of Charles Wood outlined a comprehensive scheme of education; telegraph service inaugurated.
1854 to 1855 – Railway line from Howrah to Raniganj opened.
1855 – Torture Commission in Madras presented its report exposing revenue atrocities.
1856 – The first railway line in south India ran from Royapuram to Arcot (Wallajah Road); Bari Doab canal had been excavated in Punjab.
1857 – Great Rebellion occurred; universities of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were established; Ganges canal extended to nearly 450 miles.
1858 – Government of India was transferred from the East India Company to the Crown; Doctrine of Lapse withdrawn; Torture Act abolished.
1860 – The problem of thuggee had ceased to exist.
1865 – Indian Forest Act was passed.
1869 – Suez Canal was opened, reducing travel distance by 4000 miles.
1870 – The government of British India was in effective contact with the Secretary of State in London.
1870s – Calculated that one million sleepers were needed annually for railway tracks.
1871 – Criminal Tribes Act was enacted to contain tribal resistance.
1876 to 1878 – Severe famine in the Madras Presidency under Viceroy Lytton, killing 3.5 million.
1891 to 1901 – Last decade of the reign of Queen Victoria.
1901 – Romesh Chunder Dutt enumerated 10 mass famines since the 1860s.
1908 – A government report informed that India had incurred a debt of 177.5 million pounds on account of railways.

1530s – Origin of the Palayakkarar (poligari) system

1565 – Fall of the Vijayanagar Empire
1578 – Raja Wodeyar ascended the throne of Mysore
1610 – Capital of the Wodeyar dynasty moved from Mysore to Srirangapatnam
1752 – Yusuf Khan joined the company of sepoys under Clive
1752 to 1754 – Siege of Tiruchirappalli, in which Yusuf Khan participated
1755 – Haider Ali secured a powerful position; A force of Europeans and sepoys ordered to proceed to Madurai and Tirunelveli
1756 to 1761 – Yusuf Khan in charge of Madurai and Tirunelveli as Governor
1756 to 1763 – Palyakkarars of Tirunelveli led by Puli Thevar were in a constant state of rebellion against the Nawab
1758 to 1759 – Lally’s siege of Madras
1759 – Colonel Forde captured Masulipatnam in the Third Carnatic War
1760 – Real power of Mysore changed hands to Haider Ali; Haider allied with the French at Pondicherry; Veera Pandiya Kattabomman was born
1760 September – Big guns and ammunition arrived from Tiruchirappalli for Yusuf Khan
1761 May 16 – Puli Thevar’s three major forts (Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur, Panayur) came under the control of Yusuf Khan
1764 – Yusuf Khan was hanged for treachery
1765 – English acquisition of the Northern Sarkars legalized by the Mughal emperor via the Treaty of Allahabad
1766 – Trouble arose when the English occupied the Northern Sarkars districts
1767 – Nizam came to an understanding with Haider Ali; Captain Campbell captured Nerkattumseval
1767 to 1769 – First Anglo-Mysore War
1768 – Haider Ali pounced on Baramahal, marched on Karur and Erode, defeating Captain Nixon
1770 – Mysore king Nanjaraja was poisoned to death
1772 – Treaty authorized the Company to collect Stalam Kaval and Desakaval
1778 – France signed a treaty of friendship with America
1779 – Spain reached an agreement with America; England remained isolated
1780 – Haider Ali captured Arcot; Rani Velu Nachiyar fought and won against the British
1780 to 1784 – Second Anglo-Mysore War
1782 – Death of Haider Ali due to cancer; Treaty of Salbai signed between Marathas and English
1783 – Treaty of Paris signed at the end of the American War of Independence; English forces invaded Sivagangai again
1784 March – Treaty of Mangalore was signed
1787 – Tipu Sultan sent an embassy to Paris
1790 – Vellachi Nachiyar died under mysterious circumstances
1790 to 1792 – Third Anglo-Mysore War
1792 – British took over Malabar
1794 May 29 – Tipu Sultan’s sons returned to Srirangapatnam from Madras after dues were paid
1796 – Mysore king Chamaraj IX died; Tipu Sultan sent emissaries to Paris again; Velu Nachiyar died
1797 – Tipu Sultan received a French emissary confirming support from Mauritius
1798 July – Tipu Sultan corresponded with the French Directory and later with Napoleon
1798 August 18 – Collector Jackson dispatched an order directing Veera Pandiyan to meet him
1798 September – Tribute from Panchalamkuriuchi fell into arrears
1798 September 19 – Kattabomman reached Ramanathapuram for an interview with Jackson
1799 – Fourth Anglo-Mysore War declared; Tipu Sultan died fighting
1799 May – Lord Wellesley issued orders for forces to advance to Tirunelveli
1799 June 1 – Kattabomman proceeded to Sivaganga
1799 September 1 – Major Bannerman served an ultimatum to Kattabomman
1799 September 5 – Company army reached Panchalamkurichi
1799 September 16 – Reinforcements arrived from Palayamkottai; Garrison evacuated Kattabomman’s fort
1799 October 16 – Veera Pandiya Kattabomman was tried and hanged to death at Kayatar
1800 – Theeran Chinnamalai launched an attack on the Company’s fort in Coimbatore
1801 – Theeran Chinnamalai’s battle on Cauvery banks; South Indian Rebellion
1801 May – A strong detachment under P.A. Agnew commenced operations
1801 July – Oomathurai captured Palayanad in Madurai
1801 October 24 – Chinna Marudu and Vellai Marudu were executed at Tiruppatthur
1801 November 16 – Oomathurai and Shevathiah were beheaded at Panchalamkurichi
1802 – Theeran Chinnamalai’s battle in Odanilai
1802 April – 73 rebels were banished to Penang in Malaya
1804 – Theeran Chinnamalai’s battle in Arachalur
1805 – Theeran Chinnamalai’s final battle
1805 July 31 – Theeran Chinnamalai was hanged in Sangagiri fort
1806 – Vellore Revolt
1806 May – Sepoys in the 2nd battalion of the 4th regiment at Vellore refused to wear the new turban
1806 July 9 – English officer on duty did not go on rounds in Vellore Fort
1806 July 10 (2:00 a.m.) – Sentry informed Corporal Piercy of firing, marking the outbreak of the Vellore Revolt
1806 July 10 (6:00 a.m.) – Letter from Major Coates reached Colonel Gillespie at Arcot
1806 July 10 (9:00 a.m.) – Colonel Gillespie arrived at the Vellore Fort
1806 July 10 (10:00 a.m.) – Cavalry under Colonel Kennedy arrived at Vellore Fort
1806 July 11 – Col. Harcourt was appointed to temporary command of Vellore
1806 July 13 – Col. Harcourt assumed command of the garrison and clamped martial law
1806 September 23 – Punishments ordered by Court Martial were carried out by the commanding officer of Vellore
1831 December 20 – Sonepur pargana of Chotanagpur was raided by insurgents
1831 to 1832 – The Kol Uprising
1832 January 26 – Kols took complete possession of the whole of Chotanagpur
1832 March 19 – Bhindrai Manki surrendered, ending the revolt of Kols
1840s to 1850s – Malabar peasant rebellion movement
1849 August – Serious rebellion incident occurred in Manjeri, South Malabar
1850 – The Lex Loci Act was passed
1851 August – Serious rebellion incident occurred in Kulathur, South Malabar
1852 January – Serious rebellion incident occurred in Mattannur, North Malabar
1852 – Inam Commission was appointed by the Bombay government
1853 – Legislative Council was noted for consisting only of Europeans
1855 July – Santhals started an open insurrection
1855 to 1856 – Santhal Hool (rebellion)
1856 – Act providing for enrolment of high caste men as sepoys in the Bengal army was passed
1857 – The Great Rebellion erupted
1857 January – Mangal Pandey murdered his officer, breaking out a mutiny at Barrackpore [Mangal Pandey’s attack at Barrackpore occurred on 29 March 1857, not in January]
1857 May 10 – Three sepoy regiments revolted at Meerut
1857 May 11 – Rebels reached Delhi and proclaimed Bahadur Shah II as emperor
1857 June – Revolt spread to Rohilkhand
1857 July – John Nicholson succeeded in capturing Delhi
1857 September – Bahadur Shah II was captured
1857 November – Tantia Topi seized Kanpur
1858 – Queen’s Proclamation was issued
1858 March – Lucknow was finally captured by the British
1858 April – Hugh Rose besieged Jhansi and defeated Tantia Topi
1858 July – Canning announced the suppression of the Mutiny and restoration of peace
1858 November 1 – A Royal Durbar was held at Allahabad
1859 April – Tantia Tope was captured and executed
1861 – New council was established to have Indian nomination
1862 November – Bahadur Shah II died in Rangoon
1870 – Mappillas rose again in Malabar
1874 – Birsa Munda was born
1888 to 1889 – W.J. Wilson’s History of the Madras Army was published [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1899 to 1900 – Munda Rebellion (ulgulan)
1900 June 9 – Birsa Munda became a martyr in Ranchi jail
1909 – V.D. Savarkar published ‘The War of Indian Independence’
1937 to 1939 – Congress Ministry of Rajaji removed Neill’s statue in Madras

10th Century – Zoroastrians migrated to the west coast of India.
1793 – William Carey and John Thomas set out to India.
1799 – Serampore Mission established.
1818 – Raja Rammohan Roy wrote the tract ‘A Conference Between an Advocate for and an Opponent of the Practice of Burning Widows’.
19th century (first quarter) – India produced a small English-educated intelligentsia.
1823-1874 – Life period of Ramalinga Swamigal.
1823-1898 – Life period of Atmaram Pandurang. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1824-1883 – Life period of Dayananda Saraswati.
1827 – Birth year of Jyotiba Phule.
1828 – Brahmo Samaj established by Raja Rammohan Roy.
August 1828 – Brahmo Samaj established by Raja Rammohan Roy. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1828-1905 – Life period of Rashid Ahmed Gangohi. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1829 – Practice of Sati declared a crime by the Company law.
1833 – Jyotiba Phule had to discontinue his education. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1833-1877 – Life period of Mohammad Qasim Nanotavi.
1835-1908 – Life period of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.
1836-1886 – Life period of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1845-1914 – Life period of Iyotheethoss Pandithar.
Second half of the nineteenth century – Expression of protest and desire for change articulated through reform movements. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK]
1851 – Rahnumai Madayasnan Sabha founded.
1851 – School for girls in Poona started by Jyotiba Phule.
1852-1901 – Life period of M.G. Ranade. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK] [1842-1901- Life period of M.G. Ranade]
1854-1928 – Life period of Sri Narayana Guru. [ONLY PRESENT IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK] [1856-1928 – Life period of Sri Narayana Guru.]
1857 – Keshab Chandra Sen took forward the Brahmo Samaj.
1857 – Revolt / Insurgency by Indians against the British.
1858-1922 – Life period of Pandita Ramabai.
1860s – Famine and pestilence occurred.
1863 – Dayananda Saraswati became a wandering preacher.
1863-1902 – Life period of Swami Vivekananda.
1864 – Tamil journal Tathuva Bodhini started.
1864 – Scientific Society of Aligarh founded by Syed Ahmad Khan.
1864 – Modern school at Ghazipur founded by Syed Ahmad Khan.
1865 – Brahmo Samaj had 54 branches.
1866 – Deoband Movement organized.
1867 – Prarthana Samaj founded in Bombay.
1867 – Seminary at Deoband founded.
1867 – Thiruvarutpa published by followers of Ramalinga Swamigal.
1868 – Dayananda Saraswati added the establishment of schools to his activities.
1868 – Syed Ahmad Khan promoted education committees in several districts.
1869-1870 – Syed Ahmad Khan visited Europe.
1872 – Dayananda Saraswati met the Brahmos in Calcutta.
1873 – Satya Shodhak Samaj founded by Jyotiba Phule.
1873 – Singh Sabha Movement formed.
Last quarter of the nineteenth century – Many villages in Tirunelveli district took to Christianity during famines.
Last decades of the nineteenth century – Expression of protest and desire for change articulated through reform movements.
1875 – Arya Samaj founded by Dayananda Saraswati.
1875 – Theosophical Society founded in the United States of America.
1875 – Aligarh Movement started / modern school founded at Aligarh.
1877 – Muhammdan Anglo-Oriental College developed.
1878 – Pandita Ramabai and her brother went to Calcutta.
1879 – Founders of Theosophical Society came to India.
1880 – Pandita Ramabai’s brother died.
1880 – Pandita Ramabai married a Bengali of lower social status.
1882 – Pandita Ramabai’s husband died.
1882 – 300 women educated in Arya Mahila Samaj.
1882 – Theosophical Society headquarters established at Adyar.
1885 – Indian National Congress annual sessions started.
1886 – Muhammedan Anglo Oriental Educational Conference founded.
1887 – Jeevaka Chintamani complete edition published.
1889 – Ahmadiya movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed.
1890s – Iyotheethoss Pandithar began a movement among the Adi Dravidars.
1893 – Swami Vivekananda attended Parliament of Religions at Chicago.
1893 – Annie Besant came to India.
1894 – Nadwat al-‘ulama founded at Lucknow.
1897 – Ramakrishna Mission established.
1898 – Manimekalai complete edition published.
1901 – M.G. Ranade died.
1902 – Sri Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam established.
1908 – Oru Paisa Tamilan weekly journal started.[ 1907 – Oru Paisa Tamilan weekly journal started]
1922 – Sikh Gurudwara Act passed by the Government.
1925 – Sikh Gurudwara Act amended.